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Related Concept Videos

Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

Attachment of Sister Chromatids

As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall of a...
Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...
Forces Acting on Chromosomes02:11

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
Microtubules and motor proteins exert two types of forces on...
Anaphase A and B01:39

Anaphase A and B

Microtubules form through the end-to-end polymerization of tubulin heterodimers. Kinetochore microtubules originate from the spindle poles, and their plus-ends connect with the kinetochores on sister-chromatids. Ndc80 protein complexes, present on the kinetochore, form low-affinity links with the plus end of these kinetochore microtubules.
Plus-end depolymerization releases tubulin heterodimers from the terminal region of the microtubule. As tubulin subunits are lost, the Ndc80 complexes detach...
The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
Many proteins function together to control the spindle assembly checkpoint. Mutations affecting these proteins may allow cells to proceed into anaphase prematurely, resulting in the...
Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3 variants are also...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
05:35

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Published on: March 3, 2016

Abnormal kinetochore-generated pulling forces from expressing a N-terminally modified Hec1.

Marta Mattiuzzo1, Giulia Vargiu, Pierangela Totta

  • 1Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy.

Plos One
|February 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Modifying the N-terminus of Highly Expressed in Cancer protein 1 (Hec1) disrupts mitosis and chromosome segregation, even without altering protein levels. This N-terminal modification promotes spindle pole fragmentation via CENP-E, impacting centrosome integrity.

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Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
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Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
05:35

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins

Published on: March 3, 2016

Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay
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Identification of Cyclin-dependent Kinase 1 Specific Phosphorylation Sites by an In Vitro Kinase Assay

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Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis
08:33

Combining Mitotic Cell Synchronization and High Resolution Confocal Microscopy to Study the Role of Multifunctional Cell Cycle Proteins During Mitosis

Published on: December 5, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The Ndc80 complex component, Highly Expressed in Cancer protein 1 (Hec1), is crucial for accurate mitosis.
  • Elevated HEC1 RNA levels in cancers suggest its deregulation contributes to tumorigenesis.
  • This study investigates Hec1's role in mitosis and chromosome segregation using an inducible system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the consequences of experimentally altered Hec1 expression on human cell mitosis.
  • To understand how Hec1 modifications affect kinetochore-microtubule attachments and spindle formation.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an inducible expression system in HeLa cells to study Hec1.
  • Investigated effects of N-terminally tagged EGFP-Hec1 versus untagged or C-terminally tagged Hec1.
  • Employed RNA interference (RNAi) to deplete CENP-E and assess its role.

Main Results:

  • Overexpression of untagged or C-terminally tagged Hec1 was not achieved, indicating tight cellular control.
  • N-terminally tagged EGFP-Hec1 accumulated, disrupted mitotic division, and caused multipolar spindles from centriole splitting.
  • EGFP-Hec1 formed a non-functional Ndc80 complex, leading to persistent microtubule-kinetochore interactions and recruitment of MCAK and HURP.
  • CENP-E depletion prevented multipolar spindle formation in EGFP-Hec1 expressing cells.

Conclusions:

  • N-terminal modifications of Hec1 alter kinetochore-microtubule attachment stability and Ndc80 complex function independently of protein levels.
  • N-terminally modified Hec1 induces spindle pole fragmentation through CENP-E-mediated forces, disrupting spindle bipolarity.
  • Centrosome integrity is influenced by regulatory pathways governing kinetochore-microtubule attachment stability.