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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Hormonal Regulation01:33

Hormonal Regulation

The renin-aldosterone system is an endocrine system which guides the renal absorption of water and electrolytes, thus managing blood pressure and osmoregulation. Activation of the system begins in the kidneys with a small cluster of cells adjacent to the afferent and efferent blood vessels of the renal corpuscle. As the nephrons are filtering blood, juxtaglomerular cells monitor blood pressure. If they detect a decrease in pressure, they release the hormone renin into the bloodstream.
Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Renal Regulation of Acid-Base Balance

Metabolic reactions in the body produce nonvolatile acids, such as sulfuric acid, which generate an acid load of approximately 1 mEq of H+ per kilogram of body weight daily. Excreting H+ in the urine is essential to balance this acid load.
In the kidneys, cells within the proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and the collecting ducts secrete hydrogen ions (H+) into the tubular fluid. Specifically, in the PCT, Na+/H+ antiporters secrete H+ while reabsorbing Na+.
However, the intercalated cells in...
Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
Physiology of the Genitourinary System I: Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration01:29

Physiology of the Genitourinary System I: Renal Blood Flow and Glomerular Filtration

The kidneys are vital organs responsible for regulating blood filtration, waste excretion, and fluid balance, all of which are crucial for maintaining homeostasis. Renal physiology examines renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and urine formation, ensuring the body’s internal environment remains stable.Renal Blood FlowThe kidneys receive about 20-25% of the cardiac output, typically around 1200 mL of blood per minute in an average adult. Blood flows into the kidneys through the renal...
Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments01:11

Renal Failure: Dose Adjustments

In patients with renal impairment, drugs undergo significant changes in their pharmacokinetics, which require dosage adjustments to ensure safe and effective therapy.
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However, dosage adjustments...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings
14:40

Instrumentation of Near-term Fetal Sheep for Multivariate Chronic Non-anesthetized Recordings

Published on: October 25, 2015

Fetal programming of renal function.

Jörg Dötsch1, Christian Plank, Kerstin Amann

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 62, 50937 Cologne, Germany. Joerg.doetsch@uk-koeln.de

Pediatric Nephrology (Berlin, Germany)
|February 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Low birth weight can lead to adverse kidney outcomes in children due to fetal programming. Postnatal nutrition may influence these programmed renal outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Large epidemiological studies link low birth weight to adverse renal outcomes in childhood.
  • Fetal programming, influenced by maternal factors like diabetes, smoking, and glucocorticoid use, can lead to conditions such as glomerular disease, hypertension, and renal failure.
  • Clinical data on the impact of maternal glucocorticoid use during pregnancy on fetal renal programming are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the potential mechanisms underlying fetal programming of renal outcomes.
  • To explore how factors during pregnancy and postnatal life may influence kidney development and long-term renal health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing epidemiological data.
  • Discussion of proposed biological mechanisms.
  • Synthesis of current understanding on fetal programming and renal health.

Main Results:

  • Low birth weight is associated with reduced nephron number due to diminished nephrogenesis.
  • Alterations in the intrarenal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and endothelial dysfunction are implicated in adverse renal outcomes.
  • Postnatal factors, such as nutritional intake, can modify the outcomes of fetal programming.

Conclusions:

  • Fetal programming initiated by factors like low birth weight can have lasting adverse effects on renal health.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing interventions to prevent childhood kidney disease.
  • Further clinical research is needed to elucidate the precise impact of specific maternal exposures.