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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria and...
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)01:27

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) serves as the primary classification system for mental health disorders, providing standardized diagnostic criteria for clinicians and researchers. First published by the American Psychiatric Association (APA) in 1952, the DSM has undergone several revisions to reflect evolving psychiatric understanding. The fifth edition, DSM-5, released in 2013, introduced key updates that expanded diagnostic categories and modified diagnostic...
Conduct Disorder01:28

Conduct Disorder

Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
Intellectual Disability01:29

Intellectual Disability

Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...

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Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
09:13

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Published on: April 22, 2015

Toward specifying pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified.

William Mandy1, Tony Charman, Jane Gilmour

  • 1Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1N 6BT, United Kingdom. w.mandy@ucl.ac.uk

Autism Research : Official Journal of the International Society for Autism Research
|February 8, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) is a distinct autism variant characterized by social communication deficits without repetitive behaviors. Current DSM-V guidelines may exclude these individuals from the autism spectrum.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Psychology
  • Clinical Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Pervasive developmental disorder-not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) lacks formal operationalization, impacting diagnostic reliability and validity.
  • Previous research suggests PDD-NOS may be heterogeneous, complicating its classification within the autism spectrum.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To operationalize the DSM-IV-TR description of PDD-NOS to improve reliability and replicability.
  • To test the validity of PDD-NOS by comparing it with autistic disorder (AD) and Asperger's disorder (AsD).

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the Developmental, Diagnostic and Dimensional (3Di) algorithmic analysis on a sample of 256 young people (mean age = 9.1 years).
  • Classified participants into DSM-IV-TR autistic disorder (n=97), Asperger's disorder (n=93), and PDD-NOS (n=66).
  • Compared groups on core PDD symptomatology, associated autistic features, and intelligence using independent measures.

Main Results:

  • Contrary to assumptions, 97% of PDD-NOS cases exhibited a distinct pattern: social reciprocity and communication impairments without significant repetitive and stereotyped behaviors (RSB).
  • Individuals with PDD-NOS showed comparably severe, yet more circumscribed, social communication difficulties than AD and AsD groups.
  • Fewer non-social autistic features (e.g., sensory, feeding, visuo-spatial problems) were observed in the PDD-NOS group.

Conclusions:

  • PDD-NOS represents a distinct variant of autism, not merely a less severe form on a continuum.
  • The current draft guidelines for DSM-V, requiring RSBs for PDD diagnoses, would exclude individuals with this PDD-NOS profile from the autistic spectrum.
  • Operationalizing PDD-NOS enhances diagnostic clarity and highlights the need for nuanced classification within autism spectrum disorders.