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Related Concept Videos

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
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Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.
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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Imaging Features of Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease
04:44

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Published on: June 16, 2020

Migratory lung lesions in an elderly man.

Muhammad Kashif Nadeem1, Mohammed A Khateeb

  • 1Department of General Medicine, The Prince Charles Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. kashif_nadeem@health.qld.gov.au

The Medical Journal of Australia
|February 9, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Diagnosing mixed cryoglobulinaemia without hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is difficult. This case highlights non-HCV essential cryoglobulinaemia presenting with respiratory, neurological, and renal symptoms, confirmed by high cryoglobulin levels.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Nephrology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Mixed cryoglobulinaemia is often associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.
  • Diagnosing non-HCV-related cryoglobulinaemia presents diagnostic challenges due to its rarity and varied presentations.

Observation:

  • A patient presented with recurrent acute dyspnoea, lower limb paraesthesia, and renal impairment with active urinary sediment.
  • Initial investigations did not reveal evidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

Findings:

  • Extensive investigation led to the suspicion of non-HCV-related mixed essential cryoglobulinaemia.
  • Significant serum levels of cryoglobulins confirmed the diagnosis.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the importance of considering non-HCV causes of mixed cryoglobulinaemia in patients with unexplained systemic symptoms.
  • Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for appropriate management and preventing end-organ damage.