Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Glaucoma: Overview01:25

Glaucoma: Overview

Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment01:28

Angle Closure Glaucoma: Treatment

Angle-closure glaucoma, or closed-angle glaucoma, is an eye condition where the iris bulges out and blocks the iridocorneal angle, resulting in a buildup of aqueous humor and increased intraocular pressure. Immediate medical attention is necessary due to the sudden onset of symptoms. The treatment for angle-closure glaucoma includes short-term and long-term approaches. Short-term treatment involves using eye drops like pilocarpine to lower intraocular pressure by increasing aqueous humor...
Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
Drugs such as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, α2- and...
Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment01:20

Myasthenia Gravis: Overview and Treatment

Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular transmission disorder characterized by weakness and increased fatigability of skeletal muscles. It is an autoimmune disease affecting approximately one in 2000 people, where antibodies against the α1 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are produced.
These antibodies interfere with the function of the nicotinic receptors in three ways: by binding to the receptor and disrupting acetylcholine binding; by causing cross-linking of receptors which leads...
Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction01:19

Multiple Sclerosis l: Introduction

Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Early multimodal predictors of good neurological outcome in comatose patients after cardiac arrest: a prospective single-center cohort study.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology·2026
Same author

Inter-centre heterogeneity, temporal evolution, and factors associated with treatment selection and outcomes in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: a multicentre, combined prospective and retrospective observational study.

EClinicalMedicine·2026
Same author

Systematic ergonomic evaluation of an active back-support exoskeleton.

Applied ergonomics·2026
Same author

Nerve Conduction Abnormalities Beyond Conduction Block in Multifocal Motor Neuropathy. Impact on Diagnostic Criteria Accuracy.

European journal of neurology·2025
Same author

Prevalence of hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis in CIDP patients with red flags: a multicenter genetic screening and misdiagnosis analysis.

Journal of neurology·2025
Same author

Electrophysiological-based automatic subgroups diagnosis of patients with chronic dysimmune polyneuropathies.

Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation·2025
Same journal

Distinguishing drug-target effects from natural lipid variation and incorporating imaging outcomes in Mendelian randomisation studies of multiple sclerosis.

Journal of the neurological sciences·2026
Same journal

Long-term social cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke: Frequency and association with lesion volume and location in an exploratory pilot study.

Journal of the neurological sciences·2026
Same journal

Subjective cognitive decline among U.S. Cancer survivors, 2017-2024: Prevalence, cancer-specific patterns, and associated factors.

Journal of the neurological sciences·2026
Same journal

Comment on "Comparative impact of mental and cardiovascular comorbidities on adverse outcomes in people with MS".

Journal of the neurological sciences·2026
Same journal

Comment on "Efficacy and safety of conventional immunosuppressant therapies in elderly patients with Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: A target trial emulation study".

Journal of the neurological sciences·2026
Same journal

Increasing incidence of varicella-zoster virus meningitis in Japan, 2011-2022.

Journal of the neurological sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
12:23

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

Published on: April 14, 2014

Neuromyelitis optica: an update.

Sabrina Matà1, Francesco Lolli

  • 1Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Careggi, Florence, Italy. masa@unifi.it

Journal of the Neurological Sciences
|February 9, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) involves optic nerves and spinal cord inflammation. Aquaporin-4 antibody research clarifies NMO pathogenesis and guides treatment, though diagnostic challenges remain.

More Related Videos

Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4
09:29

Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4

Published on: August 21, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients
12:23

Dynamic Visual Tests to Identify and Quantify Visual Damage and Repair Following Demyelination in Optic Neuritis Patients

Published on: April 14, 2014

Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4
09:29

Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4

Published on: August 21, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Inflammatory demyelinating diseases
  • Autoimmune disorders

Background:

  • Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory condition affecting the optic nerves and spinal cord.
  • Distinguishing NMO from multiple sclerosis (MS) is crucial for effective management.
  • The discovery of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibodies has expanded the understanding of NMO's spectrum.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical, laboratory, and neuroimaging features of NMO.
  • To elucidate the pathogenetic role of AQP4 antibodies in NMO.
  • To discuss current and emerging therapeutic strategies for NMO.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical studies, laboratory findings, and neuroimaging in NMO.
  • Analysis of in vitro and in vivo evidence on AQP4 antibody function.
  • Evaluation of treatment outcomes for NMO attacks and recurrence prevention.

Main Results:

  • AQP4 antibodies are key in NMO pathogenesis, increasing BBB permeability and causing cytotoxicity.
  • Corticosteroids and plasma exchange are effective for acute attacks.
  • Rituximab and Mofetil Mycophenolate show promise for recurrence prevention.

Conclusions:

  • NMO diagnosis is aided by AQP4 antibody detection, but challenges persist in atypical and seronegative cases.
  • The role of AQP4 antibodies in NMO pathogenesis is increasingly understood.
  • Further research is needed to determine if NMO is a distinct disease or a syndrome with multiple mechanisms.