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Related Concept Videos

The Pineal Gland01:02

The Pineal Gland

The pineal gland, a diminutive endocrine structure named for its pinecone-shaped appearance, is situated atop the third ventricle within the diencephalon region of the forebrain. This gland, composed of secretory cells known as pinealocytes arranged in compact cords and clusters around dense particles of calcium salts, plays a pivotal role in hormonal regulation.
The primary secretion of the pineal gland is the hormone melatonin, derived from serotonin. The concentration of melatonin in the...
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation02:19

Circadian Rhythms and Gene Regulation

The biological clock is involved in many aspects of regulating complex physiology in all animals. It was in 1935 when German zoologists, Hans Kalmus and Erwin Bünning, discovered the existence of circadian rhythm in Drosophila melanogaster. However, the internal molecular mechanisms behind the circadian clock remained a mystery until 1984, when Jeffrey C. Hall, Michael Rosbash, and Michael W. Young discovered the expression of the Per gene oscillating over a 24-hour cycle. In subsequent years,...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability

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Monitoring Cell-autonomous Circadian Clock Rhythms of Gene Expression Using Luciferase Bioluminescence Reporters
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Published on: September 27, 2012

Global daily dynamics of the pineal transcriptome.

Diego M Bustos1, Michael J Bailey, David Sugden

  • 1Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús), Camino Circunvalación Laguna km 6 cc164, B7130IWA, Chascomús, Argentina.

Cell and Tissue Research
|February 9, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Pineal gland gene expression significantly differs between day and night, with most genes showing increased activity at night. These daily rhythms are controlled by the master circadian oscillator and impact various cellular functions.

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Published on: September 27, 2012

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Area of Science:

  • Chronobiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Neuroendocrinology

Background:

  • The pineal gland is crucial for regulating circadian rhythms and hormone production.
  • Understanding daily gene expression patterns in the pineal gland is key to deciphering its functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the daily transcriptome dynamics of the pineal gland.
  • To identify genes and pathways affected by nocturnal and diurnal changes.

Main Methods:

  • Transcriptome profiling was employed to analyze gene expression in the pineal gland.
  • Analysis focused on identifying genes with significant day/night expression differences.

Main Results:

  • A substantial portion of pineal gland genes exhibit daily fluctuations in expression, with over 600 transcripts showing two-fold to >100-fold changes.
  • Nocturnal increases in gene expression were observed for two-thirds of these rhythmically expressed genes.
  • Adrenergic-cyclic-AMP-dependent pathways, regulated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, are the primary drivers of these expression changes.

Conclusions:

  • Daily rhythms in pineal gland gene expression are extensive and primarily mediated by adrenergic signaling.
  • These rhythms influence not only melatonin synthesis but also immune responses, photo-transduction, and thyroid hormone metabolism.
  • Numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle, cytoskeleton dynamics, and various signaling pathways, are rhythmically regulated in the pineal gland.