Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Ionic Association

Ionic Association

The ionic association is the association of oppositely charged ions in an electrolyte solution to form ion pairs. Bjerrum defined ion pairs as two oppositely charged ions whose electrostatic attraction exceeds the thermal energy of the system, typically expressed as 2kT. Electrostatic attraction depends on ionic charge, separation distance, and the dielectric constant of the medium. Thermal energy, represented by kT, reflects the tendency of ions to move independently due to molecular motion.

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Overview of Valence Bond Theory

Molecular Geometry and Dipole Moments

Molecular Geometry and Dipole Moments

The VSEPR theory can be used to determine the electron pair geometries and molecular structures as follows:

VSEPR Theory and the Effect of Lone Pairs

VSEPR Theory and the Effect of Lone Pairs

Effect of Lone Pairs of Electrons on Molecule Geometry

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

Bond Polarity, Dipole Moment, and Percent Ionic Character

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

[Treatment options for different types of sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease].

Zhonghua wei chang wai ke za zhi = Chinese journal of gastrointestinal surgery·2025

Same author

[Perinatal outcomes of single intrauterine fetal demise in monochorionic diamniotic twins].

Beijing da xue xue bao. Yi xue ban = Journal of Peking University. Health sciences·2025

Same author

Effects of zinc methionine and selenium yeast on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, immune function and intestinal morphology of broiler chickens under heat stress.

British poultry science·2025

Same author

Estimating the Age of Disease-causal HPV Infection Based on the Natural History of CIN2+ Among Females in Canada.

Open forum infectious diseases·2025

Same author

[Advances and considerations for surgical treatment of horseshoe anal fistulas].

Zhonghua wei chang wai ke za zhi = Chinese journal of gastrointestinal surgery·2024

Same author

[Intrinsic steady-state pattern of mouse cardiac electrophysiology: analysis using a characterized quantitative electrocardiogram strategy].

Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F⁻

Published on: July 27, 2018

Generalizations of the Fuoss approximation for ion pairing.

P Zhu¹, X You, L R Pratt

¹Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, USA. zpeixi@tulane.edu

The Journal of Chemical Physics

|February 10, 2011

Summary

Generalizations of the Fuoss approximation accurately model ion clustering in electrolyte solutions, especially at close distances. These models improve computational analysis of reactions in solutions.

More Related Videos

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

Published on: January 25, 2020

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F−

Photoelectron Imaging of Anions Illustrated by 310 Nm Detachment of F⁻

Published on: July 27, 2018

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

Vibrational Spectra of a N719-Chromophore/Titania Interface from Empirical-Potential Molecular-Dynamics Simulation, Solvated by a Room Temperature Ionic Liquid

Published on: January 25, 2020

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters

Published on: January 9, 2014

Area of Science:

Physical Chemistry
Computational Chemistry
Statistical Mechanics

Background:

Ion clustering in electrolyte solutions is crucial for understanding chemical processes.
Existing approximations like the Fuoss approximation have limitations in describing these phenomena.
Accurate modeling requires considering interionic correlations and solvation effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and validate generalized approximations for the ion clustering probability distribution function.
To assess the accuracy of these generalizations across different electrolyte models and concentrations.
To provide improved tools for computational analysis of reactive processes in solutions.

Main Methods:

Statistical observation and generalization of the Fuoss approximation.
Exploitation of measurable interionic correlation functions.
Comparison with direct numerical simulations for specific electrolyte solutions ([tea][BF(4)]/PC and [bmim][BF(4)]).
Application of augmented maximum entropy procedures for complex systems.

Main Results:

The simplest generalization accurately predicts ion clustering at closest pair distances for various models and low concentrations.
Atomically detailed simulations for [tea][BF(4)]/PC reveal solvent-separated nearest-neighbor ion-pairs.
The simplest generalization is less accurate for the ionic liquid [bmim][BF(4)].
An augmented maximum entropy procedure successfully explains the complex near-neighbor distributions in [bmim][BF(4)].

Conclusions:

Generalized Fuoss approximations offer improved descriptions of ion clustering in electrolytes.
These methods are valuable for computational studies of solution-phase chemistry.
Advanced techniques like maximum entropy are needed for more complex ionic systems.