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Candidiasis

Candidiasis

Candidiasis is a fungal infection caused by opportunistic species of Candida. It can affect various anatomical sites, including the skin, oral cavity, nails, and genitourinary tract. Among its forms, vaginal candidiasis is the most common type of mucosal infection. It typically results from the overgrowth of Candida albicans in the vaginal mucosa. Under normal conditions, C. albicans exists as a commensal organism within the vaginal microbiota, regulated by the dominance of lactobacilli, which...

Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management

Urinary Tract Infection IV: Nursing Management

In managing urinary tract infections (UTIs) in nursing, a comprehensive assessment is essential. Begin by gathering subjective data, such as the patient’s complaints of dysuria (painful urination), urinary frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, and any lower abdominal discomfort. This information can be complemented by questions regarding previous UTIs, sexual activity, and personal hygiene practices, which can provide insight into risk factors. Objective assessment should focus on signs like...

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...

Trichomoniasis

Trichomoniasis

Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan parasite and the causative agent of trichomoniasis, one of the most prevalent non-viral sexually transmitted infections in the United States. This extracellular parasite primarily colonizes the lower genitourinary tract in women—particularly the vagina—and in men, the urethra and prostate. Its structural and functional adaptations enable its survival, motility, and pathogenicity within the host environment.Structural Features and Host EntryT.

Surface Membrane Barriers

Surface Membrane Barriers

The skin and mucous membranes serve as the primary line of defense against pathogens by providing both physical and chemical protection. These barriers are essential in preventing the entry and establishment of microbes, thereby maintaining the integrity of the host.
The outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, is a robust barrier comprising layers of closely packed keratinized cells. This dense arrangement prevents microbes from penetrating the body. The periodic shedding of epidermal cells...

Hand hygiene

Hand hygiene

Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Modeling Healthy and Dysbiotic Vaginal Microenvironments in a Human Vagina-on-a-Chip

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Current concepts of treating vaginitis.

Canadian Family Physician Medecin De Famille Canadien

|February 10, 2011

Summary

Recurrent vaginitis is challenging to manage. This review synthesizes evidence on diagnosing and treating common causes like Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis, and bacterial vaginosis, proposing a management protocol.

Area of Science:

Gynecology
Infectious Diseases
Microbiology

Background:

Vaginitis is a common gynecological condition with a high rate of recurrence.
Effective diagnosis and treatment are crucial for patient management and reducing recurrence.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current literature on the diagnosis and treatment of common vaginitis-causing pathogens.
To develop a standardized protocol for managing vaginitis based on evidence.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies on Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis, Corynebacterium vaginale (now Gardnerella vaginalis), herpes simplex type 2, and gonorrhea.
Synthesis of diagnostic criteria and therapeutic options for each condition.

Main Results:

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Protocols for Vaginal Inoculation and Sample Collection in the Experimental Mouse Model of Candida vaginitis

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Protocols for Vaginal Inoculation and Sample Collection in the Experimental Mouse Model of Candida vaginitis

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Detailed findings on the diagnosis and treatment efficacy for each pathogen were compiled.
Identification of common challenges and successful management strategies.

Conclusions:

A comprehensive protocol for vaginitis management, integrating evidence-based diagnostics and therapeutics, is proposed.
This protocol aims to improve treatment outcomes and reduce vaginitis recurrence.