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Related Concept Videos

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction01:12

Type I Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin resulting from the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although it can occur at any age, it is most commonly diagnosed in childhood, adolescence, or early adulthood. The loss of insulin production impairs cellular glucose uptake, resulting in persistent hyperglycemia and necessitating lifelong insulin therapy.Autoimmune Destruction of β-CellsThe hallmark of type 1 diabetes is an...
Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:26

Type I Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus arises from an immune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β-cells, resulting in an absolute deficiency of insulin. This process develops in genetically susceptible individuals when autoimmunity, environmental exposures, and immunologic dysregulation converge to trigger a targeted attack on the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. The β-cells are located within the islets of Langerhans and are essential for regulating blood glucose by facilitating cellular uptake of...
Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis01:25

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type 2 diabetes mellitus develops gradually and is often asymptomatic in early stages.Clinical ManifestationsWhen symptoms appear, they include fatigue, blurred vision, pruritus, delayed wound healing, and recurrent infections, particularly candidal infections. Peripheral neuropathy may present as numbness or tingling in the extremities. Classic hyperglycemia symptoms—polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia—are less common. Most patients are overweight and frequently have associated hypertension...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
06:27

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

Published on: May 6, 2013

Stepwise or linear decrease in penetrance of type 1 diabetes with lower-risk HLA genotypes over the past 40 years.

Andrea K Steck1, Taylor K Armstrong, Sunanda R Babu

  • 1Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA. andrea.steck@ucdenver.edu

Diabetes
|February 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The proportion of new-onset type 1 diabetes subjects with the high-risk HLA-DR3/4-DQB1*0302 genotype is decreasing over time. This suggests evolving genetic and environmental factors influencing type 1 diabetes development.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells
06:27

Accelerated Type 1 Diabetes Induction in Mice by Adoptive Transfer of Diabetogenic CD4+ T Cells

Published on: May 6, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Immunogenetics
  • Endocrinology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease with known genetic predispositions.
  • The HLA-DR3/4-DQB1*0302 genotype is strongly associated with increased T1D risk.
  • Understanding temporal trends in genetic risk factor frequencies is crucial for disease etiology research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the frequency of the high-risk HLA-DR3/4-DQB1*0302 genotype in new-onset type 1 diabetes cases has changed over time.
  • To analyze these temporal trends in distinct pediatric T1D cohorts.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of HLA class II genotype frequencies in two large cohorts: Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) (n=4,075) and Barbara Davis Center (BDC) (n=1,675).
  • Subjects were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at ≤18 years of age.
  • Genotype frequencies were assessed over time, with specific attention to age of onset.

Main Results:

  • Both T1DGC and BDC cohorts demonstrated a significant decrease in the frequency of the HLA-DR3/4-DQB1*0302 genotype over time.
  • The decrease was most pronounced in T1DGC subjects with onset at ≤5 years and 6-10 years.
  • An increasing trend of other HLA genotypes lacking HLA-DR3 or -DR4 was observed in new-onset T1DGC cases.

Conclusions:

  • The observed decrease in the highest-risk genotype suggests a potential shift in the genetic landscape of type 1 diabetes.
  • A possible stepwise decrease in the HLA-DR3/4-DQB1*0302 genotype, particularly in younger children, may indicate changes in environmental determinants.
  • Further large-scale studies are warranted to confirm these changing genetic risk patterns and their implications for identifying environmental triggers of type 1 diabetes.