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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...
Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction01:07

Electron Microscope Tomography and Single-particle Reconstruction

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to determine the 3D structure of biological samples with the help of techniques such as electron microscope tomography and single-particle reconstruction. While single-particle reconstruction can examine macromolecules and macromolecular complexes in vitro conditions only, tomography permits the study of cell components or small cells in vivo.
Electron Tomography
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Scanning Electron Microscopy01:07

Scanning Electron Microscopy

A scanning electron microscope (SEM) is used to study the surface features of a sample by using an electron beam that scans the sample surface in a two-dimensional manner. Typically, areas between ~1 centimeter to 5 micrometers in width can be imaged. SEM can be used to image bacteria, viruses, tissues as well as larger samples like insects. Conventional SEM gives a magnification ranging from 20X to 30,000X and spatial resolution of 50 to 100 nanometers.
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Accelerated...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering
07:19

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Published on: November 5, 2018

Tissue characterization using low angle x-ray scattering.

R D Speller1, G J Royle

  • 1Medical Physics Department, University College and Middlesex School of Medicine, 11-20 Capper Street, London WC1E 6JA, United Kingdom.

Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology
|February 11, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Low-angle x-ray diffraction reveals unique spectral fingerprints for different tissues. This novel technique shows potential for diagnosing conditions like osteoporosis and gallstones.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical imaging
  • Materials science
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Low-angle diffraction of polyenergetic x-ray beams offers a method for tissue investigation.
  • Molecular form factors suggest unique scattering signatures exist for materials at angles between 0° and 10°.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To measure low-angle x-ray scattering energy spectra from a tungsten target x-ray source.
  • To determine if spectral structures correlate with specific tissue types.
  • To explore the diagnostic potential of these measurements for diseases like osteoporosis and gallstones.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a tungsten target x-ray source for generating polyenergetic x-ray beams.
  • Measured low-angle x-ray scattering in the form of energy spectra.
  • Analyzed spectral data for structural patterns at specific scattering angles.

Main Results:

  • Observed highly structured energy spectra at certain low scattering angles (0°-10°).
  • Demonstrated a correlation between spectral structure and tissue type.
  • Established the foundation for using x-ray scattering as a diagnostic tool.

Conclusions:

  • Low-angle x-ray scattering provides unique spectral fingerprints for different tissues.
  • This technique holds promise for non-invasive diagnosis of various medical conditions.
  • Further research is warranted to validate its clinical applicability for diseases such as osteoporosis and gallstones.