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Related Concept Videos

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used.
X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence01:23

Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) is an analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of a sample by analyzing the light emitted from excited atoms. In AES, atoms in a sample are excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from high-temperature sources, such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When these excited atoms return to lower energy states, they emit light at specific wavelengths characteristic of each element. The resulting atomic emission spectrum, which consists of...
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence: Instrumentation01:25

Fluorescence and Phosphorescence: Instrumentation

Fluorometers and spectrofluorometers are two types of instruments used for measuring molecular fluorescence. These instruments differ in how they select excitation and emission wavelengths and the type of light sources they utilize. Fluorometers use absorption interference filters to choose excitation and emission wavelengths. The excitation source in a fluorometer is typically a low-pressure mercury vapor lamp that emits intense lines distributed throughout the ultraviolet and visible regions.

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Applying X-ray Imaging Crystal Spectroscopy for Use as a High Temperature Plasma Diagnostic
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New Concepts for X-Ray, Soft X-Ray, and EUV Optical Instrumentation Including Applications in Spectroscopy, Plasma

V L Kantsyrev1, R Bruch, R Phaneuf

  • 1University of Nevada Reno, Reno, Nevada 89557.

Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology
|February 11, 2011
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This review covers advancements in extreme ultraviolet and X-ray optical instruments. These tools are crucial for analyzing hot plasmas, ion-matter interactions, and biomedical imaging using short-wavelength radiation.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and instrumentation
  • Plasma physics
  • Atomic and molecular physics
  • Biomedical imaging

Background:

  • Development of optical instrumentation for short-wavelength radiation (0.1 nm < λ < 100 nm) is critical for various scientific fields.
  • Existing techniques face challenges in diagnostics, spectroscopy, and microscopy applications.
  • Novel components like glass capillary converters (GCCs) and multilayer mirrors (MLMs) offer new possibilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current progress in extreme ultraviolet (EUV), soft X-ray, and X-ray optical instrumentation.
  • To highlight novel applications of components such as GCCs and MLMs or crystals.
  • To focus on the development and testing of optical diagnostic devices for the short wavelength spectral region.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and research on optical instrumentation techniques.
  • Focus on the development and testing of specific components: GCCs and MLMs/crystals.
  • Examination of applications in hot plasma diagnostics, ion-matter interaction spectroscopy, and biomedical X-ray microscopy.

Main Results:

  • GCC devices enable guiding, focusing, and polarization analysis of short-wavelength radiation over a wide bandwidth.
  • MLM or crystal optical elements facilitate dispersing, focusing, and polarization-sensitive studies within a narrow bandwidth.
  • Progress in developing optical diagnostic devices for the 0.1 nm < λ < 100 nm spectral region.

Conclusions:

  • Significant advancements have been made in EUV and X-ray optical instrumentation.
  • GCCs and MLMs/crystals are key enabling technologies for short-wavelength applications.
  • These developments are crucial for pushing the boundaries in plasma physics, materials science, and biomedical imaging.