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Preparation of Epoxides

Preparation of Epoxides

Overview
Epoxides result from alkene oxidation, which can be achieved by a) air, b) peroxy acids, c) hypochlorous acids, and d) halohydrin cyclization.
Epoxidation with Peroxy Acids
Epoxidation of alkenes via oxidation with peroxy acids involves the conversion of a carbon–carbon double bond to an epoxide using the oxidizing agent meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid, commonly known as MCPBA. Since the O–O bond of peroxy acids is very weak, the addition of electrophilic oxygen of peroxy acids to...

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

Preparation of 1° Amines: Azide Synthesis

Direct alkylation of ammonia produces polyalkylated amines, along with a quaternary ammonium salt. To exclusively prepare primary amines, the azide synthesis method can be used.
Azide ions act as good nucleophiles and react with unhindered alkyl halides to form alkyl azides. Alkyl azides do not participate in further nucleophilic substitution reactions, thereby eliminating the chances of polyalkylated products. Alkyl azides are reduced by hydride-based reducing agents, like lithium aluminum...

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview

Preparation of 1° Amines: Hofmann and Curtius Rearrangement Overview

In the presence of an aqueous base and a halogen, primary amides can lose the carbonyl (as carbon dioxide) and undergo rearrangement to form primary amines. This reaction, called the Hofmann rearrangement, can produce primary amines (aryl and alkyl) in high yields without contamination by secondary and tertiary amines.

Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides

Structure and Nomenclature of Epoxides

Cyclic ethers are heterocyclic compounds with an oxygen atom in the ring along with carbon atoms. They are named depending on the number of carbon atoms present in their ring system. Cyclic ethers with a three-membered ring system are called “oxirane”, four-membered ring systems as “oxetane”, five-membered ring systems as “oxolane”, and six-membered ring systems as “oxane”. The cyclic structure of these rings imposes angle strain, and this strain is more in the ring having a smaller number of...

Methods of Documentation III: PIE

Methods of Documentation III: PIE

Problem-intervention-evaluation (PIE) is a systematic approach to documentation used in healthcare settings for clinical decision-making and patient care planning. It is a structured approach to organizing patient data based on problems, interventions, and evaluations. Here's a breakdown of its key features and considerations:

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

The Dyspepsia Educational Tool As a Novel Aid in Dyspepsia Management

The Dyspepsia Educational Tool As a Novel Aid in Dyspepsia Management

Published on: June 29, 2019

[Breaking bad news: "EPICES", a French style as a learning method].

F Teike Lüthi¹, B Cantin

¹Equipe mobile de soins palliatifs, CHUV, 1011 Lausanne. Fabienne.Teike-luethi@chuv.ch

Revue Medicale Suisse

|February 12, 2011

Summary

Doctors and nurses can improve breaking bad news skills with specific training. The EPICES mnemonic provides a structured approach to manage patient emotions during difficult conversations.

Area of Science:

Medical communication
Patient-centered care

Context:

Breaking bad news is a frequent yet challenging task for healthcare professionals.
Managing patient emotions during difficult conversations requires specific skills.
Existing communication frameworks may not fully address the complexities of delivering bad news.

Purpose:

To introduce the EPICES mnemonic as a structured guide for healthcare professionals.
To enhance the ability of doctors and nurses to deliver bad news effectively.
To improve the management of patient emotions during sensitive consultations.

Summary:

The EPICES mnemonic, a French adaptation of the SPIKES protocol, offers a systematic approach to breaking bad news.
It emphasizes an interdisciplinary strategy and targeted training to build professional confidence.

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Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

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In Vitro Method to Control Concentrations of Halogenated Gases in Cultured Alveolar Epithelial Cells

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Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

This framework aims to support healthcare providers in navigating emotionally charged patient interactions.

Impact:

Empowering healthcare professionals to conduct difficult conversations with greater confidence and empathy.
Improving the quality of patient care by facilitating open and supportive communication.
Potentially reducing distress for both patients and providers during adverse news delivery.