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The relationship between maternal glycemia and perinatal outcome
Mark B Landon1, Lisa Mele, Catherine Y Spong
1From the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; The George Washington University Biostatistics Center, Washington, DC; the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland; the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Columbia University, New York, New York; University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah; University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Case Western Reserve University-MetroHealth Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio; Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas; University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois; and Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.
Objective:
To examine the relationship between varying degrees of maternal hyperglycemia and pregnancy outcomes.
Methods:
This was a secondary analysis of a treatment trial for mild gestational diabetes including four cohorts: 1) 473 women with untreated mild gestational diabetes; 2) 256 women with a positive 50-g screen and one abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) value; 3) 675 women with a positive screen and no abnormal OGTT values; and 4) 437 women with a normal 50-g screen. Groups were compared by test of trend for a composite perinatal outcome (neonatal hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, elevated cord C-peptide level, and perinatal trauma or death), frequency of large for gestational age neonates, shoulder dystocia, and pregnancy-related hypertension. Three-hour OGTT levels (fasting, 1-, 2-, and 3-hour) levels were divided into categories and analyzed for their relationship to perinatal and maternal outcomes.
Results:
There were significant trends by glycemic status among the four cohorts for the composite and all other outcomes (P<.001). Analysis for trend according to OGTT categories showed an increasing relationship between fasting and all postload levels and the various outcomes (P<.05). Fasting glucose 90 mg/dL or greater and 1 hour 165 mg/dL or greater were associated with an increased risk for the composite outcome (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals of 2.0 [1.03–4.15] and 1.46 [1.02–2.11] to 1.52 [1.08–2.15] for the fasting and 1 hour, respectively). A 1 hour glucose 150 mg/dL or greater was associated with an increased risk for large for gestational age (odds ratios, 1.8 [1.02–3.18] to 2.35 [1.35–4.14]); however, 2- and 3-hour glucose levels did not increase the risk for the composite or large for gestational age until well beyond current gestational diabetes diagnostic thresholds.
Conclusion:
A monotonic relationship exists between increasing maternal glycemia and perinatal morbidity. Current OGTT criteria require reevaluation in determining thresholds for the diagnosis and treatment of gestational diabetes.
Level Of Evidence:
II
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