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Related Concept Videos

Synaptic Signaling01:12

Synaptic Signaling

Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
Synaptic Signaling01:09

Synaptic Signaling

Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
Most synapses are chemical, meaning an electrical impulse or action potential spurs the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. The neuron sending the signal is called the presynaptic neuron, and the neuron receiving the signal is the postsynaptic neuron.
The presynaptic neuron fires an action potential that...
Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue

In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
Neurons: The Axon01:21

Neurons: The Axon

Axons are long, cytoplasmic processes of nerve cells capable of propagating electrical impulses known as action potentials. The cytoplasm or axoplasm of an axon contains neurofibrils, neurotubules, small vesicles, lysosomes, mitochondria, and various enzymes, all encased within the axolemma, the plasma membrane of the axon.
The axon attaches to the cell body at a cone-shaped elevation called the axon hillock. The initial part of the axon, closest to the hillock, is known as the initial segment.
Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the 20th century...
Neuronal Communication01:28

Neuronal Communication

Neurons, the fundamental units of the brain and nervous system, communicate through complex electrochemical signals that underpin all cognitive and bodily functions. This communication is primarily facilitated by a process involving the generation and propagation of an action potential along the axon of the neuron. When the internal electrical charge of a neuron surpasses a certain threshold, an action potential is triggered. This rapid change in voltage travels swiftly along the axon to the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Axons and their Synapses during Axon Death in Drosophila melanogaster
10:29

Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Axons and their Synapses during Axon Death in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: March 16, 2020

Molecular signaling how do axons die?

Michael Coleman1

  • 1The Babraham Institute, Babraham, Cambridge, UK.

Advances in Genetics
|February 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Axonal transport is vital for axon survival, supplying essential materials and communication. Failures in this transport, seen in neurodegenerative diseases and aging, can lead to axon degeneration by depriving axons of critical cargoes.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Axons rely on axonal transport for material supply and cell body communication.
  • Axonal transport impairment is implicated in neurodegenerative disorders and aging.
  • The specific cargoes affected and factors limiting axon survival in these conditions are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the essential aspects of axonal transport for axon survival.
  • To explore how different cargoes are affected by transport failures in various disorders.
  • To understand the mechanisms underlying axon degeneration due to transport deficits.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on axonal transport and neurodegeneration.
  • Analysis of how specific protein cargoes and signaling pathways contribute to axon survival.

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An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time
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An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time

Published on: November 25, 2014

Production and Isolation of Axons from Sensory Neurons for Biochemical Analysis Using Porous Filters
12:00

Production and Isolation of Axons from Sensory Neurons for Biochemical Analysis Using Porous Filters

Published on: July 8, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Axons and their Synapses during Axon Death in Drosophila melanogaster
10:29

Morphological and Functional Evaluation of Axons and their Synapses during Axon Death in Drosophila melanogaster

Published on: March 16, 2020

An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time
11:18

An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time

Published on: November 25, 2014

Production and Isolation of Axons from Sensory Neurons for Biochemical Analysis Using Porous Filters
12:00

Production and Isolation of Axons from Sensory Neurons for Biochemical Analysis Using Porous Filters

Published on: July 8, 2014

  • Examination of the role of neurotrophic factors and cell-cell interactions in axonal health.

    • Main Results:

    • Axonal transport failures can differentially affect various cargoes, leading to localized loss-of-function.
    • Signaling pathways (PI3 kinase, Mek/Erk, Jnk) and neurotrophic factors (Bdnf, NT-3) are crucial cargoes.
    • Adhesion molecules and gangliosides mediate axon-glia interactions essential for survival.

    Conclusions:

    • Failure of long-distance axonal transport can deprive axons of essential proteins or disrupt communication.
    • This deprivation can directly cause axon degeneration through protein absence or indirectly via communication failures.
    • Understanding these transport-dependent mechanisms is key to addressing neurodegenerative diseases and aging-related axon loss.