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Related Concept Videos

Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I01:13

Rocket Propulsion in Empty Space - I

The driving force for the motion of any vehicle is friction, but in the case of rocket propulsion in space, the friction force is not present. The motion of a rocket changes its velocity (and hence its momentum) by ejecting burned fuel gases, thus causing it to accelerate in the direction opposite to the velocity of the ejected fuel. In this situation, the mass and velocity of the rocket constantly change along with the total mass of ejected gases. Due to conservation of momentum, the rocket's...
Rocket Propulsion In Empty Space - II01:12

Rocket Propulsion In Empty Space - II

The motion of a rocket is governed by the conservation of momentum principle. A rocket's momentum changes by the same amount (with the opposite sign) as the ejected gases. As time goes by, the rocket's mass (which includes the mass of the remaining fuel) continuously decreases, and its velocity increases. Therefore, the principle of conservation of momentum is used to explain the dynamics of a rocket's motion. The ideal rocket equation gives the change in velocity that a rocket experiences by...
Rocket Propulsion in Gravitational Field - II01:03

Rocket Propulsion in Gravitational Field - II

A rocket's velocity in the presence of a gravitational field is decreased by the amount of force exerted by Earth's gravitational field, which opposes the motion of the rocket. If we consider thrust, that is, the force exerted on a rocket by the exhaust gases, then a rocket's thrust is greater in outer space than in the atmosphere or on a launch pad. In fact, gases are easier to expel in a vacuum.
A rocket's acceleration depends on three major factors, consistent with the equation for the...
Rocket Propulsion in Gravitational Field - I01:20

Rocket Propulsion in Gravitational Field - I

Rockets range in size from small fireworks that ordinary people use to the enormous Saturn V that once propelled massive payloads toward the Moon. The propulsion of all rockets, jet engines, deflating balloons, and even squids and octopuses are explained by the same physical principle: Newton's third law of motion. The matter is forcefully ejected from a system, producing an equal and opposite reaction on what remains.
The motion of a rocket in space changes its velocity (and hence its...
Nuclear Fusion02:45

Nuclear Fusion

The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
A helium nucleus has a mass that is 0.7% less than that of four hydrogen nuclei; this lost mass is converted into energy during the fusion. This reaction produces about...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis
13:42

Gold Nanoparticle Synthesis

Published on: July 10, 2021

NASA G-133 "GoldHelox": A Project Update.

M K Spute1, M L Hintz, P W Roming

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Brigham Young University, N283 ESC, Provo, UT 84602, USA.

Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology
|February 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The GoldHelox Project, a student-built solar telescope, will image the sun's corona using soft X-rays. This autonomous instrument aims to enhance understanding of solar flares and coronal physics.

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Area of Science:

  • * Solar physics and astrophysics.
  • * Space instrumentation and engineering.

Background:

  • * The sun's corona and its dynamic phenomena, such as solar flares, are not fully understood.
  • * High-resolution imaging is crucial for studying the initial phases of solar flares and the coronal-chromospheric transition region.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To introduce NASA G-133 (GoldHelox Project), an autonomous soft X-ray solar telescope.
  • * To detail the instrument's design, construction, and operation by undergraduate students.
  • * To analyze the potential of the collected data for solar flare research.

Main Methods:

  • * Development and deployment of a fully autonomous soft X-ray solar telescope (NASA G-133).
  • * Imaging the sun's corona in specific X-ray wavelengths (171Å–181Å) corresponding to highly ionized iron lines.
  • * Achieving high spatial (2.5 arc-seconds) and temporal (1 second) resolution.

Main Results:

  • * Successful design and construction of the GoldHelox Project by students.
  • * Capability to capture high-resolution images of the sun's corona.
  • * Data acquisition to support the study of solar flare initiation and coronal physics.

Conclusions:

  • * The GoldHelox Project demonstrates the feasibility of undergraduate-led development of advanced space instruments.
  • * The collected data will provide valuable insights into solar flare dynamics and the physics of the solar atmosphere.
  • * The project highlights the educational benefits of hands-on research in space science.