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Related Concept Videos

X-ray Imaging01:24

X-ray Imaging

German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen (1845–1923) was experimenting with electrical current when he discovered that a mysterious and invisible "ray" would pass through his flesh but leave an outline of his bones on a screen coated with a metal compound. In 1895, Röntgen made the first durable record of the internal parts of a living human: an "X-ray" image (as it came to be called) of his wife’s hand. Scientists worldwide quickly began their own experiments with X-rays, and by 1900, X-ray was widely...
Determination of Crystal Structures01:29

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In the late 1800s, the revelation that light extended beyond visible wavelengths led to the discovery of X-rays by Wilhelm Roentgen. Recognized as high-energy electromagnetic radiation with short wavelengths, X-rays prompted exploration into their interaction with crystals. Max von Laue proposed in 1912 that the periodic arrangement of atoms, ions, or molecules in crystals would cause them to diffract X-rays, a hypothesis confirmed through experiments with copper sulfate and zinc sulfide...
X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples01:10

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X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are  scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The  X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal crystal...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators
07:51

Fabrication of Silica Ultra High Quality Factor Microresonators

Published on: July 2, 2012

Materials for refractive x-ray optics.

M W Lund1

  • 1MOXTEK, Inc., 452 West 1260 North, Orem, UT 84057, USA.

Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology
|February 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study explores X-ray lenses made from various materials. Low-density, low-atomic-number materials offer wider apertures but need more elements for effective X-ray optics.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Optics

Background:

  • Refractive X-ray lenses, proposed by Tomie and demonstrated by Snigirev et al. for 14 keV X-rays, utilize a series of weak lens elements.
  • The performance of these lenses is dependent on the material properties and the energy of the X-rays.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To calculate the properties of refractive X-ray lenses constructed from various chemical elements and compounds.
  • To evaluate lens performance across a range of X-ray energies from 1 to 30 keV.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical calculations were performed to determine the optical properties of potential lens materials.
  • Material properties such as density and atomic number (Z) were systematically varied.
  • The effective aperture and the number of required lens elements were calculated for each material and energy combination.

Main Results:

  • X-ray optics fabricated from low-density, low-Z materials generally exhibit wider useful apertures.
  • Denser, higher-Z materials, while requiring fewer lens elements, result in narrower apertures.
  • A trade-off exists between aperture size and the number of lens elements needed, influenced by material choice and X-ray energy.

Conclusions:

  • The selection of materials for refractive X-ray lenses involves a balance between achieving a wide aperture and minimizing the number of lens elements.
  • Low-Z materials are advantageous for wide-aperture X-ray optics, despite potentially requiring more complex designs.
  • These findings guide the development of optimized X-ray lens systems for specific applications and energy ranges.