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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
Development of Human Microbiota01:30

Development of Human Microbiota

The human microbiota begins developing at birth and undergoes continual change as we age. Infancy marks a critical period of microbial sensitivity, offering a “window of opportunity” during which beneficial microbes help mature the immune system. By age three, children typically develop a more stable and diverse microbial community. Newborns acquire microbes from their immediate environment; vaginal delivery favors maternal vaginal microbes, while cesarean births favor microbes from the skin...
Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the small...
Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies01:11

Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies

Bioavailability studies are essential for understanding how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body. These studies assess the extent and rate at which the active pharmaceutical agent becomes available at the site of action. The design of bioavailability studies can involve single-dose or multiple-dose regimens, each with distinct advantages and limitations.Single-dose studies are the preferred approach due to their simplicity and reduced drug exposure for...
Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients01:15

Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients

Bioavailability studies are essential for evaluating a drug's therapeutic efficacy and understanding its absorption patterns under various physiological conditions. Conducting such studies on target patient populations provides more relevant data by simulating real-world disease states. However, practical challenges often necessitate the use of young, healthy adult volunteers as study subjects.Patients may exhibit altered drug absorption patterns due to the effects of the disease itself,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Breast Milk Enhances Growth of Enteroids: An Ex Vivo Model of Cell Proliferation
09:02

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Published on: February 15, 2018

Longitudinal body composition data in exclusively breast-fed infants: a multicenter study.

David A Fields1, Janet M Gilchrist, Patrick M Catalano

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Children's Medical Research Institute, Diabetes and Metabolic Research Program, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. dfields@ouhsc.edu

Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)
|February 12, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Reference body composition data is crucial for infant growth assessment. This study developed longitudinal %fat and total fat-free mass curves for infants from birth to 4 months, aiding healthcare professionals in evaluating infant growth and nutrition.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Nutrition
  • Infant Growth and Development
  • Body Composition Analysis

Background:

  • Accurate reference data for infant body composition, specifically %fat and total fat-free mass, is essential for monitoring healthy growth.
  • Existing data may be insufficient for evaluating typical development in the first six months of life.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish longitudinal reference data for %fat and total fat-free mass in exclusively breast-fed infants from birth to 6 months of age.
  • To create gender-specific growth curves for infant body composition during the first four months of life.

Main Methods:

  • An observational, multicenter, prospective cohort study involving 160 infants (84 male).
  • Whole-body composition (% fat and total fat-free mass) was measured using air-displacement plethysmography (PEA POD).
  • Data collection included maternal prepregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, and infant anthropometrics at multiple time points from birth to 6 months.

Main Results:

  • Both % fat and total fat-free mass significantly increased from birth to 4 months of age (P < 0.0001).
  • Gender-specific curves for %fat and total fat-free mass were successfully generated for infants up to 4 months of age.
  • Mean birth weight was 3.46 ± 0.39 kg.

Conclusions:

  • The developed longitudinal %fat and total fat-free mass data provide valuable reference curves for infant growth.
  • These findings will assist healthcare professionals in assessing normal growth and nutritional status in early infancy.
  • The study highlights significant changes in body composition during the first four months of life.