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Regulation of Food Intake

Regulation of Food Intake

Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

Neural Regulation

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.

Regulation of the Digestive System

Regulation of the Digestive System

Digestive activity regulation hinges on three primary components. Activation is prompted by a multitude of mechanical and chemical indicators, primarily detected by receptors within the stomach and intestines' walls. These receptors predominantly respond to factors such as mechanical stretching of the organ walls, changes in pH and osmolarity, and the presence of digesting materials and their by-products.
The effectors in this regulation system are glands and smooth muscles. Activation of these...

Enteric Nervous System: Regulation of GI Motor Activity

Enteric Nervous System: Regulation of GI Motor Activity

The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) plays a pivotal role in regulating gastrointestinal or GI motor activity. This complex network of nerves, deeply embedded within the gut wall, responds to changes in the gut environment and receives input from both the autonomic nervous system and the central nervous system. By doing so, the ENS operates various programs tailored to the body's nutritional status and needs.
During periods of fasting, the ENS initiates the migrating myoelectric complex, a program...

Intestinal Phase of Digestion

Intestinal Phase of Digestion

The intestinal phase of digestion is the third and final stage of the digestive process, occurring after the cephalic and gastric phases. It begins when chyme, a partially digested mixture of food and digestive enzymes, enters the small intestine from the stomach. This phase is crucial for nutrient absorption and involves complex hormonal and enzymatic interactions.
The arrival of the chyme in the small intestine distends the duodenum, which triggers the enterogastric reflex. This distension...

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Real-time Analysis of Gut-brain Neural Communication: Cortex wide Calcium Dynamics in Response to Intestinal Glucose Stimulation

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Published on: December 29, 2023

Intestinal feedback signaling and satiety.

Timothy H Moran¹, Megan J Dailey

¹Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Ross 618, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States. tmoran@jhmi.edu

Physiology & Behavior

|February 15, 2011

Summary

Gut peptides like peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1) are key to how Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery aids weight loss. Increased gut peptide signaling helps sustain reduced food intake after surgery.

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Area of Science:

Gastroenterology and Endocrinology
Neuroscience and Metabolism

Background:

The gastrointestinal tract communicates nutrient intake to the brain via peptidergic and neural signals.
Peptide secretion is regulated by complex local, hormonal, and neural mechanisms, with peptides acting through endocrine, paracrine, and neurocrine pathways.
Bariatric surgery success is linked to altered gastrointestinal feedback, particularly increased lower gut peptide secretion.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the role of gut peptides in mediating the effects of bariatric surgery, specifically Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB).
To investigate how nutrient delivery to the jejunum influences feeding inhibition and gut peptide release.

Main Methods:

Analysis of gastrointestinal feedback signaling mechanisms.
Investigating the effects of direct nutrient delivery to jejunal sites, mimicking RYGB surgery.
Measuring the release of lower gut peptides, such as peptide YY (PYY) and glucagon like peptide 1 (GLP-1).

Main Results:

Direct nutrient delivery to the jejunum effectively inhibits food intake.
Such jejunal nutrient delivery stimulates the release of lower gut peptides.
Increased secretion of PYY and GLP-1 is associated with the beneficial effects of RYGB surgery.

Conclusions:

Gut peptides play a significant role in the feeding inhibitory effects observed after RYGB surgery.
Enhanced gut peptide signaling contributes to sustained reductions in food intake.
Gut peptides represent promising therapeutic targets for obesity treatment.