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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Clean Sampling and Analysis of River and Estuarine Waters for Trace Metal Studies
Published on: July 1, 2016
Ion pair-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for gold determination at ppb level in solid samples after
I De La Calle1, F Pena-Pereira, N Cabaleiro
1Departamento de Química Analítica y Alimentaria, Área de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Vigo, Campus As Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain.
Abstract:
A new methodology was developed for the determination of ultratrace levels of gold in water samples, soils and river sediments. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction was used to preconcentrate the ion pair formed between AuCl(4)(-) and [CH(3)(CH(2))(3)](4)N(+) in a microliter-range volume of chlorobenzene using acetone as disperser solvent. When solid samples were analyzed, the method consisted of a combination of ultrasound-assisted extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction with final detection by electrothermal-atomic absorption spectrometry. Since an HCl medium was required for the formation of the AuCl(4)(-) complex, HCl together with HNO(3) was used as extractants for ultrasound-assisted extraction. After optimization, the enrichment factor obtained was 220 for water samples. Moreover, the extraction efficiency was around 96%. The repeatability, expressed as relative standard deviation ranged from 3.6% to 9.7%. The instrumental detection limit was 8.4 ng L(-1), whereas the procedural detection limits were 42 ng L(-1) for water samples and 1.5 ng g(-1) for environmental solid samples.
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