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Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
Golgi Apparatus01:09

Golgi Apparatus

Properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles that exit the ER. Motor proteins transport these vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for adding modifications that make these proteins functional at their destination.
The Golgi apparatus is a eukaryotic organelle that has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance. It is a primary sorting and dispatch station for cargo arriving from the ER. Newly arriving vesicles enter the cis face of the Golgi, closest to the ER, and are...
Golgi Apparatus01:49

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are transported by microtubule-based motor proteins and fuse together to form vesicular tubular clusters, subsequently arriving at the Golgi apparatus, a eukaryotic endomembrane organelle that often has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance.The Golgi apparatus is a major sorting and dispatch station for the products of the ER. Newly arriving vesicles enter...
Golgi Apparatus01:09

Golgi Apparatus

Properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles that exit the ER. Motor proteins transport these vesicles to the Golgi apparatus for adding modifications that make these proteins functional at their destination.
The Golgi apparatus is a eukaryotic organelle that has a distinctive ribbon-like appearance. It is a primary sorting and dispatch station for cargo arriving from the ER. Newly arriving vesicles enter the cis face of the Golgi, closest to the ER, and are...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Dissection of Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Cells by Membrane-targeted Ca2+ Indicators
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Dissection of Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Cells by Membrane-targeted Ca2+ Indicators

Published on: March 22, 2019

Ca(2+) signalling in the Golgi apparatus.

Paola Pizzo1, Valentina Lissandron, Paola Capitanio

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy. paola.pizzo@unipd.it

Cell Calcium
|February 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary

The Golgi apparatus manages protein and lipid processing. Its calcium (Ca2+) signaling toolkit is crucial for cell function, and disruptions impact protein trafficking and Golgi structure.

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The Golgi apparatus is essential for protein and lipid modification and sorting.
  • It exhibits morphological and functional heterogeneity across its compartments (cis-, medial-, trans-Golgi).
  • The Golgi apparatus participates in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) signaling, possessing pumps, channels, and binding proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the Ca2+ toolkit within the Golgi apparatus.
  • To examine the heterogeneous distribution of Ca2+ handling mechanisms in Golgi sub-compartments.
  • To discuss the implications of Golgi Ca2+ heterogeneity for its physiopathology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on Golgi apparatus and Ca2+ signaling.

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Imaging Intracellular Ca2+ Signals in Striatal Astrocytes from Adult Mice Using Genetically-encoded Calcium Indicators
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Imaging Intracellular Ca2+ Signals in Striatal Astrocytes from Adult Mice Using Genetically-encoded Calcium Indicators

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Targeting Cysteine Thiols for in Vitro Site-specific Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins
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Targeting Cysteine Thiols for in Vitro Site-specific Glycosylation of Recombinant Proteins

Published on: October 4, 2017

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Dissection of Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Cells by Membrane-targeted Ca2+ Indicators
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Dissection of Local Ca2+ Signals in Cultured Cells by Membrane-targeted Ca2+ Indicators

Published on: March 22, 2019

Imaging Intracellular Ca2+ Signals in Striatal Astrocytes from Adult Mice Using Genetically-encoded Calcium Indicators
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Imaging Intracellular Ca2+ Signals in Striatal Astrocytes from Adult Mice Using Genetically-encoded Calcium Indicators

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  • Analysis of data on Ca2+ pumps, release channels, and binding proteins in Golgi compartments.
  • Examination of in vitro and genetic human disease models demonstrating Ca2+ dysregulation in the Golgi.

    • Main Results:

    • The Golgi apparatus possesses a diverse Ca2+ toolkit, with varying distribution across its sub-compartments.
    • Heterogeneity in Golgi Ca2+ handling and concentration reduction affects protein trafficking and Golgi morphology.
    • Alterations in specific Golgi sub-compartments' Ca2+ levels impact the entire secretory pathway.

    Conclusions:

    • The Golgi apparatus's Ca2+ toolkit is heterogeneous and plays a critical role in its function.
    • Dysregulation of Ca2+ handling within Golgi sub-compartments has significant implications for cellular health and disease.
    • Further research into Golgi Ca2+ dynamics is vital for understanding secretory pathway disorders.