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Related Concept Videos

Determination01:51

Determination

During embryogenesis, cells become progressively committed to different fates through a two-step process: specification followed by determination. Specification is demonstrated by removing a segment of an early embryo, “neutrally” culturing the tissue in vitro—for example, in a petri dish with simple medium—and then observing the derivatives. If the cultured region gives rise to cell types that it would normally generate in the embryo, this means that it is specified. In contrast, determination...
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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata will form...
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Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
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Derivation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells from Blastocysts
10:19

Derivation of Mouse Trophoblast Stem Cells from Blastocysts

Published on: June 8, 2010

Trophectoderm lineage determination in cattle.

Debra K Berg1, Craig S Smith, David J Pearton

  • 1Reproductive Technologies, AgResearch Crown Research Institute, Hamilton 3214, New Zealand.

Developmental Cell
|February 15, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mammalian blastocyst development differs across species. Mouse trophectoderm (TE) commitment differs from cattle, with mice showing Cdx2-independent Oct4 repression for rapid implantation.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Comparative Genomics

Background:

  • Trophectoderm (TE) and inner cell mass (ICM) identity is crucial for mammalian development.
  • In mice, reciprocal expression of Cdx2 and Oct4 marks TE and ICM commitment, respectively.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the conservation of TE/ICM identity mechanisms across mammalian species.
  • To compare the roles of Cdx2 and Oct4 in bovine and murine blastocyst development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a mouse Oct4 (mOct4) reporter assay in cattle and mouse TE.
  • Analyzed bovine Oct4 constructs in mouse TE.
  • Investigated Tcfap2 binding sites in Oct4 regulatory regions across species.

Main Results:

  • Bovine TE commitment occurs later than in mice, with Cdx2 required for TE maintenance, not initial repression of Oct4.
  • A mouse Oct4 reporter remained active in cattle TE, indicating species-specific regulation.
  • Mouse Oct4 has gained Tcfap2 binding sites for Cdx2-independent repression, absent in cattle, humans, and rabbits.

Conclusions:

  • The regulatory circuitry for ICM/TE identity has been rewired in mice, facilitating rapid TE differentiation and early implantation.
  • Mice may not be fully representative of earliest mammalian development and stem cell biology due to these evolutionary changes.