Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia
Standards of Care II
National Nursing Organizations II
Assessment of the Mouth
International Nursing Organizations II
Healthcare Agencies II
You might also read
Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.
Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Use of the Operant Orofacial Pain Assessment Device (OPAD) to Measure Changes in Nociceptive Behavior
Published on: June 10, 2013
J L Fellows1, D B Rindal, A Barasch
1Kaiser Permanente Center for Health Research, 3800 N Interstate Ave, Portland, OR 97227, USA. jeffrey.fellows@kpchr.org
Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is rare, but oral bisphosphonates may increase risk. This study found a low absolute risk of ONJ, even with bisphosphonate exposure, highlighting the need for more research.
Area of Science:
Background:
Purpose of the Study:
Main Methods:
Main Results:
Conclusions: