[A six-year follow-up study of childhood behavior problems]

In order to study the outcome of childhood behavior problems and to investigate relationships between those behavior problems and mental health problems in later years, a survey which was conducted in 1977 was repeated after six years. Subjects were randomly selected children aged from three to seven years living in Bunkyo-ku in Tokyo in 1977. Out of 279 children, responses to the questionnaire were obtained for 201 children, with 39 refusing to co-operate and 39 having left the area. The main results were as follows: 1. Comparison of prevalence rates of individual behavior problems occurring in early childhood (from 3 to 7 years old), showed that behaviors such as overactivity, "difficult to control", persistence, stubbornness and poor relations with unfamiliar persons decreased rapidly with age. On the other hand, hypoactivity, withdrawal and shyness increased. For problems occurring in late childhood (from 9 to 13 years old), the prevalence of poor concentration and passive behavior problems increased with age, while aggressive behaviors decreased. Behaviors such as thumb-sucking, nail-biting, bed-wetting and tics decreased. 2. Over the six years of this study, many behavior problems in areas of activity, mood, volition, human relations and abnormal symptoms showed significant persistence, although the degree of the persistence was not very strong. 3. Significant relationships between behavior problems observed at age three to seven years and mental health problems such as refusal to attend school and antisocial behaviors after six years were not seen.