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Related Concept Videos

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
Pleiotropy01:33

Pleiotropy

Pleiotropy is the phenomenon in which a single gene impacts multiple, seemingly unrelated phenotypic traits. For example, defects in the SOX10 gene cause Waardenburg Syndrome Type 4, or WS4, which can cause defects in pigmentation, hearing impairments, and an absence of intestinal contractions necessary for elimination. This diversity of phenotypes results from the expression pattern of SOX10 in early embryonic and fetal development. SOX10 is found in neural crest cells that form melanocytes,...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...
Dosage Compensation02:50

Dosage Compensation

In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
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General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Dissection of the Auditory Bulla in Postnatal Mice: Isolation of the Middle Ear Bones and Histological Analysis
07:40

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Published on: January 4, 2017

Hoxb3 negatively regulates Hoxb1 expression in mouse hindbrain patterning.

Elaine Y M Wong1, Xing An Wang, Siu Shan Mak

  • 1Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.

Developmental Biology
|February 16, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Hoxb3 directly suppresses Hoxb1 expression in the hindbrain, revealing a novel mechanism for maintaining rhombomere identity. This posterior Hox gene restricts anterior Hox gene expression through transcriptional repression.

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Dissection of the Auditory Bulla in Postnatal Mice: Isolation of the Middle Ear Bones and Histological Analysis
07:40

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Published on: January 4, 2017

Stem cell-like Xenopus Embryonic Explants to Study Early Neural Developmental Features In Vitro and In Vivo
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Published on: January 30, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Hox gene expression patterns are crucial for establishing hindbrain regional identity.
  • Understanding cross-regulatory interactions between Hox genes is key to hindbrain neuronal specification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the cross-regulatory relationship between Hoxb3 and Hoxb1 in hindbrain development.
  • To elucidate the mechanism by which Hoxb3 influences Hoxb1 expression.

Main Methods:

  • Generation of a gain-of-function Hoxb3 transgenic mouse model (Hoxb3(Tg)).
  • Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and in vivo ChIP analysis to confirm Hoxb3 binding.
  • Chick in ovo luciferase reporter assay to assess transcriptional activity.

Main Results:

  • Ectopic expression of Hoxb3 in r4 of Hoxb3(Tg) mutants led to the specific abolition of Hoxb1 expression.
  • Hoxb3 was identified to bind directly to a novel site (S3) on the Hoxb1 locus.
  • Hoxb3 demonstrated the ability to suppress Hoxb1 transcriptional activity.
  • Hoxb3 was found bound to the S3 site in wildtype caudal hindbrain where Hoxb1 is normally repressed.

Conclusions:

  • Hoxb3 acts as a posterior gene to negatively regulate Hoxb1 expression in rhombomere 4 (r4).
  • Direct transcriptional repression by Hoxb3 is a novel mechanism for restricting Hoxb1 expression.
  • This regulatory interaction is essential for maintaining hindbrain rhombomere identity.