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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management01:25

Urinary Tract Calculi VI: Surgical Management

Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management

AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention01:27

Urinary Tract Calculi IV: Nutrition Therapy and Prevention

Management of renal calculi focuses on effective strategies like tailored nutrition and hydration therapy. Adjusting diet and fluid intake reduces stone formation and recurrence, making these interventions simple yet powerful in kidney stone prevention and management.Understanding Kidney StonesKidney stones form when calcium, oxalate, uric acid, and cystine concentrate and crystallize in urine. Factors contributing to their formation include genetic predisposition, certain medical conditions,...

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Point-of-Care Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition
03:19

Point-of-Care Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

Published on: June 21, 2024

Urolithiasis in children.

R M Farrell1, V F Marshall

  • 1Department of Surgery (Urology), Cornell University Medical College, New York, New York, USA.

Urology
|February 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pediatric urinary tract calculi are uncommon. Thorough evaluation reveals underlying causes in most children, allowing for targeted treatment beyond standard stone management.

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Estimation of Urinary Nanocrystals in Humans using Calcium Fluorophore Labeling and Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis
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Published on: February 9, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Urology
  • Nephrology
  • Metabolic Disorders

Background:

  • Urinary tract calculi in children are rare, affecting 1-4 per 1000 pediatric admissions in the US.
  • Primary and secondary calculi differ in cause, composition, and prognosis, requiring separate consideration.
  • Literature suggests 60% of pediatric stones are idiopathic, similar to adults.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the incidence and causes of urinary tract calculi in children.
  • To determine the yield of thorough urologic and metabolic evaluations in identifying underlying abnormalities.
  • To compare findings with existing literature regarding idiopathic stones.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of twenty-five primary and twenty-five secondary pediatric calculi cases.
  • Comprehensive urologic and metabolic evaluations for all identified cases.
  • Comparison of findings with US and UK literature.

Main Results:

  • Contrary to literature, only six out of fifty pediatric calculi were truly idiopathic in this non-endemic area.
  • Thorough evaluations yielded a significant number of metabolic or structural abnormalities.
  • This suggests a higher treatable cause rate than previously reported.

Conclusions:

  • Pediatric urinary tract calculi often have identifiable underlying causes.
  • Comprehensive urologic and metabolic assessment is crucial for diagnosis.
  • Treatment should address both the stones and their root causes for improved outcomes.