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Related Concept Videos

Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
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OaAEP1-Mediated Enzymatic Synthesis and Immobilization of Polymerized Protein for Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy
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Borate binding to polyol-stabilized latex.

Robert Pelton1, Dan Zhang, Kate L Thompson

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University , Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7.

Langmuir : the ACS Journal of Surfaces and Colloids
|February 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Borate anions bind to latex particles, increasing their negative charge. However, electrophoretic mobility decreases at high borate concentrations due to increased ionic strength and charge screening.

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Area of Science:

  • Colloid and Surface Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Polystyrene latex particles are stabilized by poly(glycerol monomethacrylate) chains.
  • Surface charge density is a critical parameter influencing colloidal stability and electrophoretic mobility.
  • Borate anions are known to interact with diol groups.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of borate anion binding on the surface charge and electrophoretic mobility of modified polystyrene latex particles.
  • To understand the relationship between bound borate density, pH, and ionic strength.
  • To model the observed electrophoretic behavior using established theoretical frameworks.

Main Methods:

  • Surface modification of polystyrene latex with poly(glycerol monomethacrylate).
  • Electrophoretic mobility measurements as a function of pH and borate concentration.
  • Application of Leibler's equilibrium binding model and Ohshima's hydrogel electrophoresis model for simulation.

Main Results:

  • Borate anion condensation with diol units increased latex particle charge density.
  • Electrophoretic mobility became significantly more negative above pH 9.5 due to borate binding.
  • An inverse relationship was observed between electrophoretic mobility and bound borate density.
  • High ionic strength, required for high bound borate density, led to charge screening and reduced mobility.

Conclusions:

  • Borate anion binding is pH-dependent and enhances latex surface charge.
  • The observed decrease in mobility with increasing borate concentration is attributed to ionic strength effects and charge screening.
  • Theoretical models successfully simulated the experimental observations, validating the proposed mechanism.