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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into rapid-acting...
Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
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Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices01:28

Parenteral Drug Delivery Systems: Injectables, Implants, and Infusion Devices

Parenteral drug delivery systems play a crucial role in modern therapeutics by enabling the direct administration of drugs into the systemic circulation, bypassing the gastrointestinal tract. These systems are particularly valuable for poorly absorbed oral medications that are unstable in the digestive environment or require rapid onset or sustained therapeutic levels. Delivery is achieved through intravenous, intramuscular, or subcutaneous routes, each selected based on the drug's properties...
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Industrial insulin production uses genetically engineered E. coli expressing a proinsulin gene controlled by a tryptophan promoter and containing a methionine linker for later cleavage. The cells also carry ampicillin resistance for selective growth. Seed cultures are stored at −80 °C and production begins by thawing a small amount to inoculate starter cultures, which are progressively scaled to a 50,000-L bioreactor. In the bioreactor, E. coli grow in nutrient-rich media under sterile, tightly...

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Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
12:08

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

Published on: June 11, 2012

Insulin pumps.

J Pickup1

  • 1King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, UK. john.pickup@kcl.ac.uk

International Journal of Clinical Practice. Supplement
|February 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insulin pump therapy (CSII) uptake varies globally, influenced by physician attitudes, reimbursement, and educator availability. Recent advancements include continuous glucose monitoring connectivity and patch pumps, with ongoing research into CSII for type 2 diabetes and pregnancy, and its psychosocial impacts.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Diabetes Management
  • Medical Technology

Background:

  • Insulin pump therapy, or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), has seen increased adoption globally.
  • Significant regional variations in CSII usage exist, particularly between the USA and European countries.
  • Factors influencing CSII uptake include healthcare provider attitudes, reimbursement policies, availability of trained educators, and established referral pathways.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements and trends in insulin pump therapy.
  • To explore the expanding applications of CSII in type 2 diabetes and pregnancy.
  • To examine the psychosocial aspects and quality of life implications associated with CSII.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature and clinical practice trends in insulin pump therapy.
  • Analysis of technological developments, including continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) integration and patch pump innovations.
  • Examination of research on CSII efficacy and patient outcomes in diverse populations, including type 2 diabetes and pregnant individuals.

Main Results:

  • Continued global increase in CSII adoption, with the USA leading in type 1 diabetes.
  • Persistent disparities in CSII use across European nations.
  • Emergence of patch pumps and increased integration of CGM with insulin pumps.
  • Ongoing debate regarding CSII's role in type 2 diabetes and pregnancy, with limited robust evidence for the latter.
  • Growing body of research on the psychosocial impact of CSII, including its effect on mood, behavior, and quality of life.

Conclusions:

  • Further efforts are needed to standardize CSII uptake and ensure access for all eligible patients.
  • Technological innovations are expanding the capabilities and potential applications of insulin pump systems.
  • More research is required to establish the evidence base for CSII in type 2 diabetes and pregnancy.
  • Understanding and addressing the psychosocial factors associated with CSII is crucial for optimizing patient outcomes and quality of life.