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Related Concept Videos

Open and closed-loop control systems01:17

Open and closed-loop control systems

Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
An open-loop control system operates without feedback from the output. It consists of two primary elements: the controller and the controlled process. The controller receives an input signal and...
Positive and Negative Feedback Loops01:18

Positive and Negative Feedback Loops

Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes through a process called homeostasis ("steady state"). Examples of these changes include regulation of the level of glucose or calcium in the blood or internal responses to external temperatures. Homeostasis requires  maintaining an internal dynamic equilibrium:
Cell Signaling Feedback Loops01:07

Cell Signaling Feedback Loops

Positive and negative feedback loops are crucial for regulating biological signaling systems. These feedback loops are processes that connect output signals to their inputs.
Negative feedback loops
Most signaling systems have negative feedback loops that can perform different functions such as output limiter, and adaptation.
Output limiter
Upon receiving an input signal, the cellular response rapidly increases until a threshold is reached. Beyond this threshold, a negative feedback loop...
Feedback Loops01:01

Feedback Loops

In most cases, excessive hormone production is prevented by negative feedback—a loop that starts with a stimulus inducing the release of a particular substance, like a hormone, to maintain a certain level before triggering a signal that results in a decrease in further release of the hormone.
Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis00:58

Recycling Endosomes and Transcytosis

The recycling endosome, also known as the endosomal recycling compartment (ERC), is a part of the slow-recycling process of the endocytic pathway. Molecules internalized through receptor-mediated endocytosis are either degraded in the lysosomes or are recycled to the plasma membrane through the fast- or slow-recycling route.
The recycling endosome is not a single organelle but an extensively tubulated network of recycling pathways. It functions in storing molecules or transporting them across...
Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems01:19

Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems

A thermodynamic system with zero heat exchange and work is an isolated system. For these systems, the internal energy remains constant.
In the case of a non-isolated system, the change in the internal energy is zero only if the process is cyclic. A thermodynamic process is considered cyclic if the system undergoes a series of changes and returns to its initial state. 
Consider a cyclic process that returns to its initial state, undergoing a four-step process. The heat transfer along each path...

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Real-Time Proxy-Control of Re-Parameterized Peripheral Signals using a Close-Loop Interface
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Published on: May 8, 2021

Closing the loop.

E Dassau1, E Atlas, M Phillip

  • 1University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, USA; Sansum Diabetes Research Institute, Santa Barbara, CA, USA. dassau@engineering.ucsb.edu

International Journal of Clinical Practice. Supplement
|February 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The artificial pancreas, using closed-loop algorithms and advanced technology, aims to automatically manage blood glucose levels for diabetes mellitus patients. Recent advancements show promise for future automated diabetes management systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Control Systems
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Closed-loop control systems are integral to modern life, enhancing safety and quality.
  • The concept of automated glycemic control for diabetes mellitus (DM) has been explored for over 40 years.
  • Recent innovations in glucose sensing, insulin delivery, and control engineering have made the artificial pancreas feasible.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current achievements in artificial pancreas technology.
  • To highlight the transition of artificial pancreas systems from simulation to clinical evaluation.
  • To inspire continued research and development in automated diabetes management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent publications on artificial pancreas advancements.
  • Analysis of different artificial pancreas designs (uni-hormonal/bi-hormonal, internal/external).
  • Assessment of control algorithms and administration methods.

Main Results:

  • Artificial pancreas systems are moving from in silico to clinical stages.
  • Systems range from semi-closed-loop to fully automated, with potential to minimize nocturnal hypoglycemia.
  • Initial clinical results are encouraging, indicating progress towards practical applications.

Conclusions:

  • The artificial pancreas represents a significant advancement in diabetes treatment.
  • Further clinical trials are necessary for widespread adoption.
  • The field is progressing towards automated systems that reduce user intervention in diabetes management.