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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets01:29

Pharmacogenomics: Identification of New Drug Targets

Advances in genomics have profoundly influenced drug discovery by increasing both the speed and accuracy of pharmaceutical development. Pharmacogenomics, which examines how genetic variation influences drug response, facilitates the identification of novel therapeutic targets and enables patient stratification for personalized treatment. These strategies contribute to improved drug efficacy, minimized adverse effects, and more efficient clinical trial design.Mapping genetic differences...
Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview01:29

Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics: Overview

Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics examine how genetic factors influence an individual's response to drugs. While pharmacogenetics focuses on the impact of specific genetic variants on drug effects, pharmacogenomics takes a broader approach, studying how genetic variation across populations contributes to differences in drug responses. These fields aim to explain why individuals may experience varying levels of efficacy or adverse reactions to the same medication.Variability in drug...
Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu01:29

Pharmacogenetic Phenotypes: Alterations in Pharmacokinetics, Drug Targets and Biologic Milieu

Genetic variations significantly influence drug response through pharmacokinetics, receptor interactions, and biologic milieu modifications. Pharmacokinetic alterations impact drug metabolism and clearance, affecting efficacy and toxicity. Variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes, such as CYP2C9 and CYP2C19, alter drug activation and elimination. For example, CYP2C9 loss-of-function variants require lower warfarin doses to prevent excessive bleeding, while CYP2C19 variants reduce clopidogrel...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview01:27

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Metabolism: Overview

Genetic polymorphism in drug metabolism is crucial to the inter-individual variability observed in drug responses. Drug metabolism primarily involves the chemical modification of drugs and other xenobiotics to enhance their elimination by increasing their polarity. Two main classes of enzymes mediate this biotransformation process: Phase I enzymes, primarily cytochrome P450s, catalyze oxidation and reduction reactions, while other enzymes, such as esterases, mediate hydrolysis, and Phase II...
Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants01:27

Principles of Pharmacogenetics: Types of Genetic Variants

The human genome is over 99.9% identical between individuals, yet genetic differences exist at millions of bases. The human genome contains approximately 3 million variant positions per individual, many of which are heterozygous, contributing to genetic diversity and individual traits. Genetic variations include single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), insertions, deletions, and copy number variations (CNVs).SNPs, the most common variation, involve single-base changes in DNA. These can be...
Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters01:01

Dosage Regimens: Partial Pharmacokinetic Parameters

It is not uncommon for complete drug pharmacokinetic profiles to remain elusive in pharmacokinetics. This necessitates certain educated assumptions by pharmacokineticists to determine appropriate dosage regimens without comprehensive pharmacokinetic data from animal or human studies. One prevalent assumption is setting the bioavailability factor, denoted as F, to 1 or 100%. This assumption caters to the scenario where a drug doesn't achieve full systemic absorption, resulting in the patient...

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

E-Patient Counseling Trial (E-PACO): Computer Based Education versus Nurse Counseling for Patients to Prepare for Colonoscopy
06:28

E-Patient Counseling Trial (E-PACO): Computer Based Education versus Nurse Counseling for Patients to Prepare for Colonoscopy

Published on: August 1, 2019

Pharmacogenomics: "noninferiority" is sufficient for initial implementation.

R B Altman1

  • 1Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA. russ.altman@stanford.edu

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
|February 18, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is ready for clinical use, offering reduced risks compared to disease risk genomics. PGx tests need only show non-inferiority to current practices to be valuable.

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Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System
05:10

Drug Repurposing Hypothesis Generation Using the "RE:fine Drugs" System

Published on: December 11, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Genomic Medicine
  • Clinical Pharmacology

Background:

  • Pharmacogenomics (PGx) involves using genetic information to guide drug therapy.
  • The clinical utility of PGx is debated, with varying evidence standards proposed.
  • Whole-genome sequencing advances suggest a potential readiness for broader PGx implementation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the current readiness of pharmacogenomics for clinical implementation.
  • To differentiate the risk mitigation profiles of PGx versus disease risk genomics.
  • To establish appropriate evidence standards for the clinical adoption of PGx.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of recent clinical annotations of whole-genome sequences.
  • Comparative risk assessment between pharmacogenomics and disease risk genomics.
  • Evaluation of cost-benefit scenarios and evidence requirements for PGx.

Main Results:

  • Pharmacogenomics significantly mitigates risks compared to genomic assessment for disease risk.
  • Unrealistic cost-benefit analyses arise from conflating these different genomic applications.
  • Appropriate evidence standards for PGx should focus on non-inferiority to existing practices.

Conclusions:

  • Pharmacogenomics is clinically ready, supported by its favorable risk profile.
  • The evidence threshold for PGx implementation is often less stringent than for disease risk prediction.
  • Recognizing these distinctions is crucial for realistic evaluation and adoption of PGx.