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Related Concept Videos

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
Hyperglycemia01:29

Hyperglycemia

Hyperglycemia is an abnormally high blood glucose level. It is diagnosed by fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (or OGTT) ≥200 mg/dL, random glucose ≥200 mg/dL with symptoms, or HbA1c ≥6.5%. However, HbA1c results may be unreliable in certain conditions, such as anemia or hemoglobinopathies, and the diagnosis should be confirmed unless classic symptoms are present. Postprandial hyperglycemia is typically considered significant when glucose levels exceed 180 mg/dL two...
Hypoglycemia01:26

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...
Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are co-secreted in...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.

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Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
08:47

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Published on: December 7, 2017

Hypothalamic glucose sensing and glycaemic disease.

Mayowa A Osundiji1, Mark L Evans

  • 1Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, CLS 11111, Boston, MA 02215, USA. mayowa.osundiji@utoronto.ca

Current Diabetes Reviews
|February 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Specialized glucose sensors in the hypothalamus are crucial for maintaining blood sugar balance. Understanding these sensors offers new insights into managing metabolic disorders like diabetes.

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Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
08:47

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy

Published on: December 7, 2017

Membrane Potential Dye Imaging of Ventromedial Hypothalamus Neurons From Adult Mice to Study Glucose Sensing
11:10

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Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice
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Hyperglycemic Clamp and Hypoglycemic Clamp in Conscious Mice

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Metabolic Regulation
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Glucose homeostasis is vital for mammalian health, particularly brain function.
  • Specialized glucose sensors, both central and peripheral, monitor glucose availability.
  • The hypothalamus is increasingly recognized for its significant role in glucose homeostasis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the physiological relevance of hypothalamic glucose sensors in regulating glucose homeostasis.
  • To explore the pathophysiological implications of hypothalamic glucose sensing in glycaemic diseases.
  • To highlight recent findings on novel roles of hypothalamic glucose sensors in key metabolic processes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature.
  • Analysis of data from transgenic mice technology.
  • Integration of advances in molecular genetic approaches.

Main Results:

  • Hypothalamic glucose sensors play a critical role in controlling hepatic glucose production.
  • These sensors are involved in regulating insulin secretion.
  • Hypothalamic glucose sensing is essential for hypoglycemia counterregulation.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced understanding of hypothalamic glucose sensing pathways is key to comprehending glucose homeostasis.
  • This knowledge is pertinent for developing strategies to manage glycaemic disorders.
  • Further research into hypothalamic glucose sensing may uncover novel therapeutic targets for metabolic diseases.