Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling01:16

Calmodulin-dependent Signaling

Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
The Ca2+-CaM complex does not have enzymatic activity by itself. Instead, the complex binds downstream target proteins, including membrane proteins or enzymes,...
Regulation of Metabolism01:19

Regulation of Metabolism

Cellular needs and conditions vary from cell to cell and change within individual cells over time. For example, the required enzymes and energetic demands of stomach cells are different from those of fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells. Furthermore, a digestive cell works much harder to process and break down nutrients during the time that closely follows a meal compared with many hours after a meal. As these cellular demands and conditions vary, so do the amounts and...
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein.
Inflammatory Response01:28

Inflammatory Response

An inflammatory response is a localized, nonspecific immune reaction that occurs when a tissue is injured. It is characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain, which are commonly called the cardinal signs and symptoms of inflammation. Inflammation can sometimes result in a loss of function.
Inflammation can be triggered by various stimuli, such as impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, infections, and extreme hot or cold temperatures. These can damage cells and connective tissue fibers,...
Master Transcription Regulators02:23

Master Transcription Regulators

Master transcription regulators are regulatory proteins that are predominantly responsible for regulating the expression of multiple genes. Often these genes work in concert to drive a  complex process. Activation of a master transcription regulator can lead to a cascade of transcriptional activation necessary for that outcome. These regulators can directly bind to the regulatory sequences of the various genes involved, or they can indirectly regulate transcription by binding to regulatory...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

UBAP2/UBAP2L regulate UV-induced ubiquitylation of RNA polymerase II and are the human orthologues of yeast Def1.

DNA repair·2022
Same author

The 3' Pol II pausing at replication-dependent histone genes is regulated by Mediator through Cajal bodies' association with histone locus bodies.

Nature communications·2022
Same author

Elongin functions as a loading factor for Mediator at ATF6α-regulated ER stress response genes.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2021
Same author

Multiple roles for PARP1 in ALC1-dependent nucleosome remodeling.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2021
Same author

A role for the Cockayne Syndrome B (CSB)-Elongin ubiquitin ligase complex in signal-dependent RNA polymerase II transcription.

The Journal of biological chemistry·2021
Same author

NRBP1-Containing CRL2/CRL4A Regulates Amyloid β Production by Targeting BRI2 and BRI3 for Degradation.

Cell reports·2020

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency
10:22

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Published on: June 29, 2021

Function and regulation of the Mediator complex.

Ronald C Conaway1, Joan Weliky Conaway

  • 1Stowers Institute for Medical Research, 1000 E. 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
|February 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances in studying the Mediator complex reveal its subunit architecture and function in RNA polymerase II transcription. New insights show how Mediator controls transcription activation and repression, and participates in signal transduction.

More Related Videos

Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries
08:49

Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries

Published on: January 22, 2019

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Regulation of Macrophage Phagocytosis; Quantitation and Imaging
09:10

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Regulation of Macrophage Phagocytosis; Quantitation and Imaging

Published on: July 16, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency
10:22

Humanized Mediator Release Assay as a Read-Out for Allergen Potency

Published on: June 29, 2021

Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries
08:49

Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries

Published on: January 22, 2019

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Regulation of Macrophage Phagocytosis; Quantitation and Imaging
09:10

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Regulation of Macrophage Phagocytosis; Quantitation and Imaging

Published on: July 16, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The Mediator complex is crucial for regulating transcription by RNA polymerase II (pol II).
  • Understanding its subunit architecture and mechanism of action is key to deciphering gene regulation.
  • Previous studies have laid the groundwork for investigating Mediator's role in transcription.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the subunit architecture and mechanism of action of the Mediator complex.
  • To analyze Mediator's interactions with pol II and general initiation factors.
  • To explore the functional significance of different Mediator forms and their role in signal transduction.

Main Methods:

  • Biochemical and genetic studies of Mediator complex structure and function.
  • Reconstitution of recombinant Mediator subassemblies for in-depth analysis.
  • Characterization of functionally distinct Mediator forms, including those with and without the Cdk8 kinase module.

Main Results:

  • New light shed on Mediator complex subunit architecture and its mechanism of action in pol II transcription.
  • Improved methods enable detailed analysis of Mediator's control over pol II and initiation factors.
  • Discovery of distinct Mediator forms (with/without Cdk8 module) reveals roles in transcription activation and repression.
  • Studies on transcription factor activation domains targeting Mediator uncover complex roles in signal transduction.

Conclusions:

  • Advances in Mediator complex research provide a deeper understanding of transcription regulation.
  • The presence or absence of the Cdk8 kinase module dictates Mediator's function in transcription activation and repression.
  • Mediator plays a complex role in signal transduction, influenced by transcription factor interactions.