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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Standardization of a Novel Semi-Automatic Software for Neurite Outgrowth Measurement
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Published on: August 9, 2024

Norbin: A promising central nervous system regulator.

Hong Wang1, Yi Nong, Fernando Bazan

  • 1Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience; The Rockefeller University; New York, NY USA.

Communicative & Integrative Biology
|February 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Norbin protein is crucial for neuronal development and synaptic plasticity, interacting with mGluR5. Its absence causes embryonic death and impaired brain function, highlighting its role in the nervous system.

Keywords:
G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)HEAT repeatsNorbinlong term potentiation (LTP)mGluR5neurite-outgrowthneurochondrinsynaptic plasticity

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Published on: February 14, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Norbin is a neurite-outgrowth promoting protein.
  • It interacts with and regulates membrane proteins like metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5).
  • Norbin plays a role in synaptic plasticity and is implicated in learning and memory.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on Norbin.
  • To emphasize Norbin's role in the nervous system.
  • To explore Norbin's interaction with mGluR5 and its impact on neuronal function.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on Norbin.
  • Analysis of Norbin knockout (KO) mouse models.
  • Examination of Norbin's interaction with mGluR5.

Main Results:

  • Complete Norbin gene disruption leads to embryonic lethality.
  • Forebrain-specific Norbin KO mice exhibit deficits in synaptic plasticity.
  • Behavioral phenotypes suggest reduced mGluR5 function in Norbin KO mice.

Conclusions:

  • Norbin is a key regulator in the nervous system.
  • Norbin is essential for embryonic development and neuronal function.
  • Norbin's regulation of mGluR5 is critical for synaptic plasticity and potentially learning and memory.