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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Glutamate is a fundamental neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, playing a vital role in neuronal communication and various cognitive processes. Glutamate stands as the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain. Its presence is crucial for the communication between neurons, underpinning essential processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal excitability, and plasticity. These functions are vital for higher-order cognitive processes, including learning and memory. The...

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A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor in Blood
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A Simple Cell-based Immunofluorescence Assay to Detect Autoantibody Against the N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) Receptor in Blood

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NMDA receptor antibody encephalitis.

Sarosh R Irani1, Angela Vincent

  • 1Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford OX39DS, UK. saroshirani@doctors.net.uk

Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports
|February 19, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody encephalitis is an immunotherapy-responsive condition. Early diagnosis and treatment, including tumor removal if applicable, improve patient outcomes and recovery.

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Hippocampal Neuronal Cultures to Detect and Study New Pathogenic Antibodies Involved in Autoimmune Encephalitis

Published on: June 2, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neurology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody encephalitis is a recently identified, treatable autoimmune disorder.
  • Initially described as a paraneoplastic syndrome in young women with ovarian teratomas, it now affects a broader demographic, including children and males, often without an identifiable tumor.
  • The condition presents with characteristic psychiatric symptoms followed by movement disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the current understanding of NMDAR antibody encephalitis.
  • To highlight the importance of early diagnosis and immunotherapy.
  • To discuss the pathogenic role of NMDAR antibodies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical features, diagnostic advancements, and treatment outcomes.
  • Analysis of the correlation between antibody levels and disease severity.
  • In vitro and in vivo studies demonstrating the effect of antibodies on NMDA receptors.

Main Results:

  • The NMDAR antibody assay is now globally available, facilitating diagnosis.
  • Antibody levels correlate with clinical severity, indicating direct pathogenicity.
  • NMDAR antibodies reduce NMDA receptor density on hippocampal neurons.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis of NMDAR antibody encephalitis followed by prompt immunotherapy and tumor resection (if applicable) is crucial for recovery.
  • NMDAR antibodies are directly pathogenic, causing a reduction in functional NMDA receptors.
  • The spectrum of NMDAR antibody encephalitis extends beyond young women with teratomas, affecting diverse populations.