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DNA Replication

DNA Replication

DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied. After replication, each double-stranded DNA includes one parental or “old” strand and one “new” strand. This is known as semiconservative replication. The resulting DNA molecules have the same sequence and are divided equally into the two daughter cells.
Replication in Prokaryotes
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Restarting Stalled Replication Forks

DNA replication is initiated at sites containing predefined DNA sequences known as origins of replication. DNA is unwound at these sites by the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase and other factors such as Cdc45 and the associated GINS complex.The unwound single strands are protected by replication protein A (RPA) until DNA polymerase starts synthesizing DNA at the 5’ end of the strand in the same direction as the replication fork. To prevent the replication fork from falling apart, a...

The Replisome

The Replisome

DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with the...

The Replisome

The Replisome

DNA replication is carried out by a large complex of proteins that act in a coordinated matter to achieve high-fidelity DNA replication. Together this complex is known as the DNA replication machinery or the replisome.
The synthesis of the leading and lagging strands is a highly coordinated process. To explain this, the “Trombone model” was proposed by Bruce Alberts in 1980. The DNA loop formation starts when a primer is synthesized on the parent lagging strand. The loop grows with the...

Replication in Prokaryotes

Replication in Prokaryotes

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication (ori) on the cell's circular chromosome. Replication then proceeds around the entire circle of the chromosome in each direction from the two replication forks, resulting in two DNA molecules.
Many Proteins Work Together to Replicate the Chromosome
Replication is coordinated and carried out by a host of specialized...

Replication in Prokaryotes

Replication in Prokaryotes

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Electrophoretic Analysis of Replication Through Structure-Prone DNA Repeats Within the SV40-Based Human Episome

Electrophoretic Analysis of Replication Through Structure-Prone DNA Repeats Within the SV40-Based Human Episome

Published on: September 13, 2024

Papillomavirus DNA replication.

M C Ferran, A A McBride

Methods in Molecular Medicine

|February 19, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Papillomavirus DNA replication relies on viral E1 and E2 proteins interacting at the origin of replication. The E1 protein acts as a helicase, while E2 supports replication by binding DNA and interacting with cellular factors.

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Electrophoretic Analysis of Replication Through Structure-Prone DNA Repeats Within the SV40-Based Human Episome

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Published on: September 13, 2024

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Virology
Genetics

Background:

Papillomavirus genomes exist as episomes, requiring specific viral proteins for replication.
The viral origin of replication is crucial for episomal DNA maintenance.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the roles of the E1 and E2 proteins in papillomavirus DNA replication.
To characterize the minimal origin of replication and its components.

Main Methods:

Analysis of viral protein functions in DNA replication.
Identification and characterization of the minimal origin of replication sequence.
Investigating protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions.

Main Results:

The minimal origin requires E1 binding sites, E2 binding sites, and an AT-rich region.
E1 functions as an ATP-dependent helicase, binding and unwinding the origin.
E2 acts as a transcriptional transactivator and plays an auxiliary role in replication, cooperating with E1 and interacting with cellular proteins.

Conclusions:

Both E1 and E2 proteins are essential for papillomavirus episomal DNA replication.
The E2 protein's role in replication involves facilitating origin unwinding and interacting with cellular machinery.