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Related Concept Videos

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction01:25

Hyperthyroidism I: Introduction

Hyperthyroidism is a type of thyrotoxicosis characterized by the thyroid gland's overproduction of the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). This hormone excess increases the basal metabolic rate and enhances sensitivity to catecholamines.DiagnosisDiagnosis is based on clinical features and biochemical testing. It typically shows suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels below 0.4 mIU/L, with elevated free T3 and/or T4. Additional tests, including thyroid...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
03:55

Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

Published on: June 9, 2023

The Chernobyl thyroid cancer experience: pathology.

V A LiVolsi1, A A Abrosimov, T Bogdanova

  • 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA. linus@mail.med.upenn.edu

Clinical Oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain))
|February 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Chernobyl accident led to a significant rise in thyroid cancer, predominantly papillary carcinoma. This study analyzed Chernobyl Tumor Bank cases, detailing subtypes and pathological features of these radiation-induced neoplasms.

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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer
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Computer-Aided Three-Dimensional Visualization in the Treatment of Locally Advanced Thyroid Cancer

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"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach
07:45

"Sun's Seven-Step Technique" for Endoscopic En-Bloc Resection of Thyroid Cancer via the Chest-Breast Approach

Published on: November 28, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Pathology
  • Radiation Epidemiology

Background:

  • The Chernobyl nuclear accident caused a substantial increase in thyroid carcinoma incidence in affected regions.
  • The Chernobyl Tumor Bank was established in 1998 to facilitate international research on these tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the pathological characteristics of thyroid tumors following the Chernobyl accident.
  • To document the diagnostic categories and morphological patterns of these neoplasms.
  • To compare early-stage lesions with those detected later, post-screening implementation.

Main Methods:

  • A pathology panel reviewed and diagnosed tumors from the Chernobyl Tumor Bank.
  • Tumor diagnoses were standardized through an agreed-upon classification system.
  • Morphological patterns were analyzed, comparing early and late-developing tumors.

Main Results:

  • Over 95% of Chernobyl-associated thyroid tumors were papillary carcinomas.
  • Common papillary subtypes included classical, follicular variant, solid variant, and mixed patterns.
  • Rare subtypes were identified, while tall cell and columnar cell variants were absent.

Conclusions:

  • Papillary carcinoma is the predominant histological type of thyroid cancer observed after Chernobyl.
  • The Chernobyl Tumor Bank provides a valuable resource for studying radiation-induced thyroid neoplasms.
  • Understanding morphological variations may offer insights into etiological factors and disease progression.