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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects
07:36

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Published on: November 30, 2018

Conditional advice and inducements: are readers sensitive to implicit speech acts during comprehension?

Matthew Haigh1, Andrew J Stewart, Jeffrey S Wood

  • 1School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom. matthew.haigh@manchester.ac.uk

Acta Psychologica
|February 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Understanding speech acts like promises and warnings is key. This study shows people find it harder to distinguish between similar speech acts, such as two types of inducements, than between different types.

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Area of Science:

  • Linguistics
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Pragmatics

Background:

  • Conditional sentences can express various speech acts, including promises, tips, threats, and warnings.
  • These speech acts are traditionally categorized into advice (tips, warnings) and inducements (promises, threats).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether speech acts within the same category are harder to differentiate than those from different categories.
  • To examine the processing of speech acts using self-paced reading experiments.

Main Methods:

  • Two self-paced reading experiments were conducted.
  • Experiment 1 involved anaphoric referencing of inducements (promises) and advice (tips) with mismatching speech acts.
  • Experiment 2 examined referencing within the category of inducements (promises, threats) with mismatching speech acts.

Main Results:

  • Experiment 1 showed a rapid processing penalty for mismatching speech acts between advice and inducements.
  • Experiment 2 revealed a delayed processing penalty when speech acts within the same category (inducements) were mismatched.
  • These findings suggest that differentiating speech acts within the same category is more difficult.

Conclusions:

  • The study supports a semantic distinction between speech act categories.
  • Pragmatic differences within speech act categories were also identified.
  • Speech act processing is influenced by both semantic category and pragmatic similarity.