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Related Concept Videos

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics01:29

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology01:26

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...
Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction01:22

Bacterial Meningitis I: Introduction

Bacterial meningitis is a severe, life-threatening inflammation of the meninges, particularly the pia mater and arachnoid mater, affecting the subarachnoid space, ventricles, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). If untreated, it can lead to significant neurological complications or death.Causative AgentsCommon pathogens vary with age and immune status. In adults, major organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae. Streptococcus agalactiae (group B...
Vaccine Production01:23

Vaccine Production

Vaccine production involves a sequence of upstream and downstream processes to generate a safe and effective immunological product. It begins with cultivating microorganisms, such as viruses or bacteria, to obtain antigenic material. For viral vaccines, mammalian host cells are grown in bioreactors and subsequently infected with the target virus. The virus replicates within the host cells, which are lysed to release viral particles. This lysate is then clarified through filtration or...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Viral Meningitis01:18

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery
10:03

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

Meningococcal vaccines and vaccine developments.

I M Feavers1

  • 1Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Biological Standards & Control, Hertfordshire, UK.

Methods in Molecular Medicine
|February 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Meningococcal disease remains a significant global health threat despite advances in diagnostics and antibiotics. This review examines current and developing vaccines for meningococcal disease control.

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Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens
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Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
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Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery
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Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens
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Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria
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Following in Real Time the Impact of Pneumococcal Virulence Factors in an Acute Mouse Pneumonia Model Using Bioluminescent Bacteria

Published on: February 23, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Meningococcal disease poses a substantial public health challenge globally, characterized by rapid progression and high mortality.
  • Survivors often experience severe long-term neurological damage and tissue deficits.
  • Effective immunoprophylaxis is critical for controlling meningococcal disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical development of licensed meningococcal vaccines.
  • To evaluate current vaccine candidates undergoing clinical trials.
  • To assess future prospects for comprehensive meningococcal disease control through vaccination.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical vaccine development.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data for existing and novel vaccine candidates.
  • Examination of epidemiological data on meningococcal disease burden.

Main Results:

  • Several meningococcal vaccines have been developed, but none provide comprehensive protection.
  • Ongoing research focuses on novel vaccine candidates with improved efficacy and broader coverage.
  • Vaccine development is essential for mitigating the impact of meningococcal disease.

Conclusions:

  • Despite progress, no single meningococcal vaccine currently offers complete protection.
  • Continued research and development of new vaccine candidates are crucial for effective disease control.
  • Advancements in vaccinology hold promise for reducing the global burden of meningococcal infections.