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Related Concept Videos

Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane01:12

Porin Insertion in the Outer Mitochondrial Membrane

Porins are beta-barrel proteins translocated to the mitochondrial outer membrane through the TOM complex into the intermembrane space. Porin precursors bind TIM chaperones within the intermembrane space and are guided to the Sorting and Assembly Machinery complex or SAM complex on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
Three models describe the assembly of porins by the SAM complex and their insertion into the outer membrane. Model 1 suggests that porins are assembled outside the SAM channel as the...
Structure of Porins01:21

Structure of Porins

Mitochondria, chloroplasts, and gram-negative bacteria have transmembrane, beta-barrel proteins called porins to mediate the free diffusion of ions and metabolites across the membrane. Mitochondrial porin precursors contain conserved amino acid sequences called beta signals at their C-terminal. Beta signals have a  motif of PoXGXXHyXHy (Po-Polar, X-Any amino acid, G-Glycine, Hy-LargeHydrophobic), which are crucial for precursor recognition to initiate precursor assembly. Beta-barrel precursors...
In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
In vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
Mutations01:35

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...
Mutations01:39

Mutations

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

One Minute, Sub-One-Watt Photothermal Tumor Ablation Using Porphysomes, Intrinsic Multifunctional Nanovesicles
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Construction of porA Mutants.

P van der Ley1, L van Alphen

  • 1Laboratory of Vaccine Research, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.

Methods in Molecular Medicine
|February 22, 2011
PubMed
Summary

PorA, a key outer membrane protein in meningococcus, induces subtype-specific bactericidal antibodies. Its variability necessitates flexible vaccine strategies, requiring methods to construct strains with altered PorA genes for vaccine production and antibody testing.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Immunology
  • Vaccine Development

Background:

  • PorA (class 1 protein) is a major outer membrane protein (OMP) and porin in *Neisseria meningitidis*.
  • It forms a β-barrel structure with surface-exposed loops, crucial for antibody recognition.
  • Approximately 20 PorA serosubtypes exist, with variations in surface-exposed loops 1 and 4.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe methods for constructing isogenic meningococcal strains with altered *porA* genes.
  • To enable flexible PorA composition in vaccine strains for evolving epidemiological circumstances.
  • To develop test strains for determining epitope specificity of bactericidal antibodies against PorA.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of isogenic meningococcal strains with modified *porA* genes.
  • Utilizing specific insertion sites (e.g., KpnI in loop 5 or 6) for genetic alterations.

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  • Characterization of altered strains for vaccine production and immunological studies.

    • Main Results:

    • Demonstrated feasibility of creating meningococcal strains with altered PorA variants.
    • Established methods for manipulating *porA* gene composition in production strains.
    • Facilitated precise epitope mapping of bactericidal antibodies against PorA.

    Conclusions:

    • PorA's significant role in inducing bactericidal antibodies makes it a critical vaccine target.
    • The high degree of PorA variability necessitates adaptable vaccine platforms.
    • Developed methods support the creation of flexible meningococcal vaccines and advanced immunological assays.