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Related Concept Videos

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution00:52

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Temporal Resolution

At room temperature, the chair conformer of cyclohexane undergoes rapid ring flipping between two equivalent chair conformers at a rate of approximately 105 times per second. These two chair conformers are in equilibrium. The rapid ring flipping results in the interconversion of the axial proton to an equatorial proton and an equatorial to the axial proton. Such interconversions are too rapid and cannot be detected on the NMR timescale. Hence, the NMR spectrometer cannot distinguish between the...
¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR01:15

¹H NMR of Conformationally Flexible Molecules: Variable-Temperature NMR

The axial and equatorial protons in cyclohexane can be distinguished by performing a variable-temperature NMR experiment. In this process, except for one proton, the remaining eleven protons are replaced by deuterium. The deuterium substitution avoids the possible peak splitting caused by the spin-spin coupling between the adjacent protons. The remaining proton flips between the axial and equatorial positions.
Raman Spectroscopy: Overview01:20

Raman Spectroscopy: Overview

The underlying principle of Raman spectroscopy is based on the interaction between light and matter, specifically molecules' inelastic scattering of photons. When a monochromatic beam of light, typically from a laser source, interacts with a sample, most scattered light has the same frequency as the incident light. This is known as Rayleigh scattering.
However, a small fraction of the scattered light exhibits a frequency shift due to the exchange of energy between the incident photons and the...
Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...
UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Conjugated Systems01:32

UV–Vis Spectroscopy of Conjugated Systems

Organic compounds with conjugated double bonds show strong absorption features in the UV–visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum attributed to π → π* electronic excitations. Generally, a UV–vis absorption spectrum is recorded as a plot of absorbance vs wavelength. The wavelength of maximum absorbance, which manifests as a peak in the absorption spectrum, is denoted as λmax.
One of the factors influencing λmax is the extent of conjugation in the...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Practical Aspects of Sample Preparation and Setup of 1H R1ρ Relaxation Dispersion Experiments of RNA
08:17

Practical Aspects of Sample Preparation and Setup of 1H R1ρ Relaxation Dispersion Experiments of RNA

Published on: July 9, 2021

Conformational changes in quadruplex oligonucleotide structures probed by Raman spectroscopy.

Cynthia V Pagba, Stephen M Lane, Sebastian Wachsmann-Hogiu

    Biomedical Optics Express
    |February 23, 2011
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Temperature changes alter quadruplex structures in guanine-rich oligonucleotides like the thrombin binding aptamer. Raman spectroscopy reveals these conformational shifts, which can be partially reversed by potassium ions.

    Keywords:
    (170.0170) Medical optics and biotechnology(300.0300) Spectroscopy

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    Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism
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    Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

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    Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers
    08:28

    Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers

    Published on: September 19, 2017

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

    Practical Aspects of Sample Preparation and Setup of 1H R1ρ Relaxation Dispersion Experiments of RNA
    08:17

    Practical Aspects of Sample Preparation and Setup of 1H R1ρ Relaxation Dispersion Experiments of RNA

    Published on: July 9, 2021

    Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism
    11:37

    Protocol for the Solid-phase Synthesis of Oligomers of RNA Containing a 2'-O-thiophenylmethyl Modification and Characterization via Circular Dichroism

    Published on: July 28, 2017

    Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers
    08:28

    Single-molecule Manipulation of G-quadruplexes by Magnetic Tweezers

    Published on: September 19, 2017

    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Molecular Biology
    • Spectroscopy

    Background:

    • Guanine-rich oligonucleotides can form higher-order quadruplex structures.
    • Understanding conformational changes in these structures is crucial for their function.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate temperature-induced conformational changes in quadruplex structures.
    • To probe these changes using Raman spectroscopy.

    Main Methods:

    • Raman spectroscopy was employed to analyze quadruplex structures.
    • Temperature variations were applied to observe spectral changes.
    • The thrombin binding aptamer was used as a model system.

    Main Results:

    • Significant spectral changes were observed in the fingerprint region at higher temperatures.
    • A decrease in the 1480 cm(-1) peak intensity, indicative of quadruplex structure, was noted.
    • These temperature-induced changes were partially reversible upon addition of K(+) ions.

    Conclusions:

    • Quadruplex structures exhibit temperature-dependent conformational dynamics.
    • Raman spectroscopy is effective in monitoring these structural transitions.
    • Potassium ions play a role in stabilizing or restoring quadruplex structures.