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Related Concept Videos

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway

Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters01:19

Membrane Asymmetry Regulating Transporters

Enzymes like flippase, floppase, and scramblase transfer phospholipids from one layer to another in the membrane, thereby affecting membrane asymmetry.
Flippase
Eukaryotic flippases are type-IV P-type ATPases or P4-ATPases belonging to P-type ATPase family proteins that are membrane-bound pumps involved in the ATP-mediated transport of ions and molecules across the membrane. Flippases flip specific phospholipids from the outer to the inner leaflet of a membrane. All P4-ATPases have one...
Phosphoinositides and PIPs01:42

Phosphoinositides and PIPs

Phosphoinositides are a group of phospholipids containing a glycerol backbone with two fatty acid chains and a phosphate attached to a myoinositol sugar ring. The inositol head group extends into the cytoplasm, where it is modified by adding phosphate groups to form phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs.
Different phosphoinositides are synthesized and recruited on the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. The localization of specific phosphoinositides concentrated in separate membrane...
Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer01:35

Asymmetric Lipid Bilayer

Biological membranes show uneven distribution of different types of lipids in the inner and outer layers, resulting in transverse asymmetric membranes. The treatment of the erythrocyte membrane with the enzyme phospholipase confirmed the asymmetric nature of the lipid bilayer. The enzyme hydrolyzes lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. The phospholipase acts only on the outer layer of the membrane, while the inner layer remains intact. The phospholipase treatment resulted in 80%...
Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane01:27

Synthesis of Phosphatidylcholine in the ER Membrane

The ER synthesizes lipids for building cell membranes and performing cellular functions such as energy storage and signaling. The lipid synthesis machinery embedded in the ER membrane primarily collects all reactants from the cytosol. Following synthesis, the secretory pathway and the ER contact sites distribute these lipids to other cellular organelles. Additionally, the energy-rich triacylglycerides are transported from the ER via lipid droplets.
The major components of all eukaryotic cell...
Lipid Digestion01:06

Lipid Digestion

Lipids are large molecules that are generally not water-soluble. Since most of the digestive enzymes in the human body are water-based, there are specific steps the body must take to break down lipids and make them available for use.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
08:59

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates

Published on: November 23, 2016

Phospholipases A₁.

Gregory S Richmond1, Terry K Smith

  • 1Agilent Technologies, Molecular Separations, Santa Clara, CA 95051, USA;

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|February 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Phospholipase A(1) (PLA(1)) enzymes break down phospholipids, generating fatty acids and lysophospholipids. These enzymes are crucial for digestion, membrane upkeep, and cellular signaling pathways.

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Enzymology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Phospholipase A(1) (PLA(1)) enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of phospholipids.
  • This enzymatic activity is vital across diverse organisms, involving various PLA(1) enzyme families.
  • PLA(1)s play roles in digestion, membrane maintenance, and cellular regulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the diverse roles and functions of Phospholipase A(1) enzymes.
  • To highlight the significance of PLA(1)s in biological systems.
  • To underscore the importance of lysophospholipid mediators produced by PLA(1)s.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on Phospholipase A(1) enzymes.
  • Analysis of conserved lipolytic activity across different species.
Keywords:
lysophospholipidphospholipase A1phospholipid

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A Liposome Membrane Permeability Assay for Investigating the Effects of Phosphatidylinositol Phosphate Groups on Membranotropic Action of Venom PLA2

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A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity
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A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates
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Defining Substrate Specificities for Lipase and Phospholipase Candidates

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A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity
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A Fluorescence-based Assay of Phospholipid Scramblase Activity

Published on: September 20, 2016

  • Examination of known PLA(1) functions in cellular processes.

    • Main Results:

    • PLA(1) enzymes exhibit conserved lipolytic activity but are diverse in structure.
    • Known functions include roles in digestion, membrane remodeling, and cellular signaling.
    • PLA(1)s generate bioactive lysophospholipids like lysophosphatidylserine and lysophosphatidic acid.

    Conclusions:

    • Phospholipase A(1) enzymes are essential, multifunctional enzymes with conserved activity.
    • Their diverse roles impact fundamental biological processes, from digestion to cell signaling.
    • The products of PLA(1) activity, lysophospholipids, are critical signaling molecules with broad biological functions.