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Related Concept Videos

Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

Overview of Cell Signaling

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. For example, skin cells respond to and transmit touch...
Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

Overview of Cell Signaling

Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. For example, skin cells respond to and transmit touch...
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze the...
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

Intracellular Signaling Cascades

Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Mimicking the Function of Signaling Proteins: Toward Artificial Signal Transduction Therapy
12:24

Mimicking the Function of Signaling Proteins: Toward Artificial Signal Transduction Therapy

Published on: September 29, 2016

Signal transduction : a technical overview.

M J Arboleda1, D J Slamon

  • 1Department of Medicine, Division of Haematological Oncology, UCLA School of Medicine, University of Califorina, Los Angeles, CA.

Methods in Molecular Medicine
|February 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Understanding cancer cell signaling is key to identifying malignant pathways. This review covers methods for studying cell signaling, using HER-2 in ovarian cancer as a model.

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Mimicking the Function of Signaling Proteins: Toward Artificial Signal Transduction Therapy
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Imaging G-protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR)-mediated Signaling Events that Control Chemotaxis of Dictyostelium Discoideum
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Measuring G-protein-coupled Receptor Signaling via Radio-labeled GTP Binding
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Measuring G-protein-coupled Receptor Signaling via Radio-labeled GTP Binding

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Signaling

Background:

  • Intracellular signals are crucial for cancer cell malignancy.
  • HER-2 receptor is amplified and overexpressed in ovarian cancers.
  • Understanding signaling pathways is vital for cancer research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current methodologies for studying cell signaling.
  • To consider factors influencing signaling specificity.
  • To use HER-2 signaling in ovarian cancer as a model system.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on cell signaling.
  • Analysis of factors affecting signaling specificity.
  • Case study approach using HER-2 pathways.

Main Results:

  • Methodologies for studying cell signaling are discussed.
  • Factors influencing signaling specificity are identified.
  • HER-2 signaling serves as a relevant model.

Conclusions:

  • Delineating downstream pathways is essential for understanding cancer phenotypes.
  • Methodological considerations are important for accurate signaling studies.
  • HER-2 signaling provides a valuable framework for research.