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Plasmids01:28

Plasmids

Plasmids are extrachromosomal DNA molecules found in bacteria, archaea, and some eukaryotic microbes like yeast. These small, circular DNA structures typically contain fewer than 30 genes, although some may exist linearly. Plasmids vary in their number within a cell, known as copy number. Single-copy plasmids are present in one copy per cell and multi-copy plasmids are present in multiple copies, reaching over 100 copies per cell.Plasmids usually replicate independently of the chromosomal DNA...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Production of Double-stranded DNA Ministrings
06:12

Production of Double-stranded DNA Ministrings

Published on: February 29, 2016

Plasmid vectors.

N Casali1, S Ehrt

  • 1School Of Public Health, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA.

Methods in Molecular Medicine
|February 23, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Genetic manipulation of mycobacteria is challenging due to their complex cell walls. However, advancements in transformation systems have enabled significant progress in mycobacterial genetics research.

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Genetic manipulation of mycobacteria presents significant challenges.
  • The impenetrable mycobacterial cell wall hinders DNA introduction and plasmid isolation.
  • Complex cell wall lipids and polysaccharides contaminate DNA preparations, and hydrophobicity causes cell clumping.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical difficulties in mycobacterial genetic manipulation.
  • To highlight the impact of cell wall properties on molecular biology techniques.
  • To discuss the advancements in mycobacterial transformation systems and their consequences.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of mycobacterial genetics and transformation systems.
  • Analysis of cell wall composition and its impact on genetic procedures.

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

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Generation of Plasmid Vectors Expressing FLAG-tagged Proteins Under the Regulation of Human Elongation Factor-1α Promoter Using Gibson Assembly

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  • Examination of the development and application of plasmid vectors in mycobacteria.

    • Main Results:

    • Historically, mycobacterial genetic manipulation was severely limited by cell wall structure.
    • Efficient transformation systems have overcome many of these obstacles.
    • Numerous genetic systems for Mycobacterium tuberculosis are now available.

    Conclusions:

    • Despite inherent difficulties, significant progress has been made in mycobacterial genetic manipulation.
    • Advancements in transformation technologies have fueled research in mycobacterial genetics.
    • The development of genetic systems is crucial for understanding and combating mycobacterial diseases.