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Related Concept Videos

Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
Reticular Dermis01:15

Reticular Dermis

The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...
Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Layers of the Epidermis01:21

Layers of the Epidermis

The epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin, is composed of several distinct layers. From deep to superficial, the layers of the epidermis are as follows:
Stratum Basale
Stratum basale, also known as the stratum germinativum, is the deepest layer of the epidermis. It is composed of a single layer of actively dividing cells called basal cells or basal keratinocytes. These cells constantly undergo cell division to replenish the upper layers of the epidermis. Additionally, melanocytes, which...
Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives01:14

Changes in Skin Color: Clinical Perspectives

The first thing a clinician sees is the skin, so the examination of the skin should be part of any thorough physical examination. Most skin disorders are relatively benign, but a few, including melanomas, can be fatal if untreated. A couple of the more noticeable disorders, albinism and vitiligo, affect the appearance of the skin and its accessory organs.
Albinism
Albinism is a genetic disorder that affects (completely or partially) the coloring of skin, hair, and eyes. The defect is primarily...
Introduction to the Integumentary System01:25

Introduction to the Integumentary System

The integumentary system is the organ system that comprises the skin and its associated structures. It is the largest system in the human body and plays a crucial role in protecting and maintaining homeostasis. The integumentary system serves several functions including protection, regulation, sensation, and secretion.
The skin, which is the primary organ of the integumentary system, consists of three main layers: the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue). The epidermis is the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Dermoscopy Aids in the Diagnosis of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
05:39

Dermoscopy Aids in the Diagnosis of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus

Published on: May 16, 2025

[Dermoscopy--a glimpse into the skin].

Omer Wolf1, Avshalom Shalom

  • 1Department of Plastic Surgery, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin, Israel.

Harefuah
|February 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The ABCDE criteria aid in diagnosing skin cancer, but early-stage melanoma is often missed. Dermoscopy, or epiluminescence microscopy, improves diagnostic accuracy for pigmented skin lesions.

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Combining Reflectance Confocal Microscopy with Optical Coherence Tomography for Noninvasive Diagnosis of Skin Cancers via Image Acquisition
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SCAnED - An Open-source Skin Segmentation Macro for Semi-automated Cell and Nuclei Detection in Epidermal and Dermal Skin Compartments
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SCAnED - An Open-source Skin Segmentation Macro for Semi-automated Cell and Nuclei Detection in Epidermal and Dermal Skin Compartments

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Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Dermoscopy Aids in the Diagnosis of Discoid Lupus Erythematosus
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Combining Reflectance Confocal Microscopy with Optical Coherence Tomography for Noninvasive Diagnosis of Skin Cancers via Image Acquisition
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Combining Reflectance Confocal Microscopy with Optical Coherence Tomography for Noninvasive Diagnosis of Skin Cancers via Image Acquisition

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SCAnED - An Open-source Skin Segmentation Macro for Semi-automated Cell and Nuclei Detection in Epidermal and Dermal Skin Compartments
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SCAnED - An Open-source Skin Segmentation Macro for Semi-automated Cell and Nuclei Detection in Epidermal and Dermal Skin Compartments

Published on: August 8, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Oncology
  • Medical Imaging

Context:

  • Clinical diagnosis of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) relies on the ABCDE criteria.
  • Early-stage CMM often mimics benign atypical nevi, leading to diagnostic challenges.
  • Current clinical diagnostic accuracy for CMM ranges from 50-75%.

Purpose:

  • To evaluate the role of dermoscopy (epiluminescence microscopy) in improving the diagnosis of pigmented skin lesions.
  • To assess the utility of dermoscopy combined with total-body mapping for differentiating atypical nevi from CMM.

Summary:

  • Dermoscopy offers enhanced visualization of pigmented skin lesions, providing greater depth and dimension compared to standard clinical examination.
  • This technique significantly improves the ability to distinguish between atypical nevi requiring monitoring and CMM necessitating early surgical intervention.
  • Integrating dermoscopy with digital total-body mapping may reduce unnecessary excisions and improve CMM management.

Impact:

  • Enhanced diagnostic accuracy for cutaneous malignant melanoma.
  • Reduced rates of false positive excisions for benign skin lesions.
  • Improved patient outcomes through earlier detection and treatment of CMM.