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Related Concept Videos

Nature and Nurture01:10

Nature and Nurture

Many human characteristics, like height, are shaped by both nature—in other words, by our genes—and by nurture, or our environment. For example, chronic stress during childhood inhibits the production of growth hormones and consequently reduces bone growth and height. Scientists estimate that 70-90% of variation in height is due to genetic differences among individuals, and 10-30% of variation in height is due to differences in the environments that individuals experience, such as differences...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions

Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Polygenic Traits01:18

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When more than one gene is responsible for a given phenotype, the trait is considered polygenic. Human height is a polygenic trait. Studies have uncovered hundreds of loci that influence height, and there are believed to be many more. Due to the high number of genes involved, as well as environmental and nutritional factors, height varies significantly within a given population. The distribution of height forms a bell-shaped curve, with relatively few individuals in the population at the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model

Published on: November 4, 2025

Cephalometric features in isolated growth hormone deficiency.

Luiz Alves Oliveira-Neto1, Mariade de Fátima B Melo, Alexandre A Franco

  • 1Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Sergipe, Brazil.

The Angle Orthodontist
|February 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Isolated growth hormone deficiency (IGHD) in adults significantly reduces linear craniofacial measurements, especially maxillary length. Angular measurements and facial height ratios remain largely unaffected, indicating proportional growth blunting.

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Midface Hypoplasia and Cranial Base Morphology in Syndromic Craniosynostosis: A Comparative Analysis Study Using a Predictive Regression Model
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Published on: January 29, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Orthodontics
  • Anthropology

Background:

  • Growth hormone (GH) is crucial for linear growth.
  • Isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) can persist into adulthood.
  • Craniofacial development is sensitive to hormonal influences.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cephalometric characteristics in adults with IGHD.
  • To quantify the impact of IGHD on craniofacial linear and angular measurements.
  • To compare craniofacial dimensions in IGHD adults to a normal population.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional cephalometric study of 9 adult IGHD patients (7 males, 2 females).
  • Inclusion of 9 linear and 5 angular cephalometric measurements.
  • Normalization of data using standard deviation scores (SDS) against a Brazilian population atlas.

Main Results:

  • All linear craniofacial measurements were significantly reduced in IGHD subjects.
  • Total maxillary length showed the greatest reduction (-6.5 ± 1.7 SDS).
  • Angular measurements and facial height ratios were generally within normal limits, with an increased gonial angle noted.

Conclusions:

  • Congenital, untreated IGHD leads to reduced linear craniofacial growth, most notably in maxillary length.
  • Angular measurements and facial height ratios are less affected by IGHD.
  • IGHD results in a proportional blunting of craniofacial development rather than significant angular deformities.