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Related Concept Videos

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors01:27

Transducer Mechanism: Enzyme-Linked Receptors

Enzyme-linked receptors are cell-surface receptors acting as an enzyme or associating with an enzyme intracellularly. They make excellent drug targets. Drugs can bind to the extracellular ligand-binding domain or directly affect their enzymatic domain and alter their activity.
Major types that are helpful drug targets include:
Transduction01:16

Transduction

Among the three main modes of HGT—transformation, conjugation, and transduction—transduction is unique in that it is mediated by bacteriophages, or bacterial viruses.Transduction occurs in two ways. Generalized transduction occurs during the lytic cycle of a bacteriophage infection. In this process, bacteriophages infect bacterial cells, replicate within them, and ultimately cause cell lysis, releasing newly assembled virions. Occasionally, random fragments of the bacterial genome are...
Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase01:11

Pharmacogenetics of Drug Targets: β₂-Adrenergic Receptors, Apo E, Thymidylate Synthase

Genetic polymorphisms in drug targets have emerged as critical determinants of interindividual variability in drug response and toxicity. Pharmacogenomic investigations increasingly focus on identifying these variations to personalize and optimize therapeutic interventions. A drug target may be a receptor, enzyme, or signaling protein involved in pharmacologic responses or disease-related pathways. While early pharmacogenetic studies focused primarily on drug metabolism, current research...
Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype01:31

Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype

Adrenoceptors are classified into α and ꞵ classes based on their potencies to catecholamine agonists. α-adrenoceptors show the following order of catecholamine potency:
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
α1-Adrenoceptors: These receptors are located postsynaptically on the effector organs and cause constriction of smooth muscle mediated by activation of phospholipase C—inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate...
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...

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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
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Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

Adenosine modulates Toll-like receptor function: basic mechanisms and translational opportunities.

Melanie R Power Coombs1, Mirjam E Belderbos, Leighanne C Gallington

  • 1Department of Medicine/Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
|February 24, 2011
PubMed
Summary

Adenosine levels increase during inflammation. Adenosine analogs show potential as immune response modifiers to prevent or treat infections by modulating leukocyte responses.

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Adenoviral Transduction of Naive CD4 T Cells to Study Treg Differentiation
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Published on: August 13, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Adenosine, an endogenous purine metabolite, is present at elevated concentrations in human blood plasma during inflammation.
  • Leukocytes express seven-transmembrane adenosine receptors that influence Toll-like receptor-mediated cytokine production.
  • Adenosine receptor engagement modulates intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of adenosine analogs as modulators of the innate immune response.
  • To investigate the therapeutic application of adenosine analogs in preventing and treating infections.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on adenosine metabolism and function in inflammation.
  • Analysis of adenosine receptor signaling pathways in leukocytes.
  • Consideration of clinical applications of adenosine analogs.

Main Results:

  • Adenosine concentration significantly increases during inflammatory processes.
  • Adenosine receptors on leukocytes play a crucial role in regulating immune responses.
  • Modulation of cAMP by adenosine impacts cytokine production.

Conclusions:

  • Adenosine analogs represent a promising therapeutic strategy for modulating innate immunity.
  • Further research into adenosine analogs could lead to novel treatments for infectious diseases.
  • Targeting adenosine receptors may offer a new approach to infection control.