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Related Concept Videos

Bullying02:04

Bullying

A modern form of aggression is bullying. As you learn in your study of child development, socializing and playing with other children is beneficial for children’s psychological development. However, as you may have experienced as a child, not all play behavior has positive outcomes. Some children are aggressive and want to play roughly. Other children are selfish and do not want to share toys. One form of negative social interactions among children that has become a national concern is bullying.
Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:
Aggression01:47

Aggression

Humans engage in aggression when they seek to cause harm or pain to another person. Aggression takes two forms depending on one’s motives: hostile or instrumental. Hostile aggression is motivated by feelings of anger with intent to cause pain; a fight in a bar with a stranger is an example of hostile aggression. In contrast, instrumental aggression is motivated by achieving a goal and does not necessarily involve intent to cause pain (Berkowitz, 1993); a contract killer who murders for hire...
Bystander Effect02:09

Bystander Effect

The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.
Milgram's Obedience to Authority02:20

Milgram's Obedience to Authority

Obedience to authority is classically demonstrated in a more famous series of social psychology experiments performed by Stanley Milgram. He was a social psychology professor at Yale who was influenced by the trial of Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi war criminal. Eichmann’s defense for the atrocities he committed was that he was “just following orders.”
Prevalence and Incidence01:08

Prevalence and Incidence

In statistical epidemiology and health sciences, two essential metrics—prevalence and incidence—are fundamental for understanding disease dynamics within a population. These measures enable public health officials, epidemiologists, and researchers to assess the burden of diseases, allocate resources effectively, and design impactful public health policies and interventions.
Prevalence indicates the proportion of individuals in a population who have a specific disease or health condition at a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 4, 2026

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
09:12

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

Published on: July 4, 2013

Violence against educators: a population-based study.

Susan G Gerberich1, Nancy M Nachreiner, Andrew D Ryan

  • 1Regional Injury Prevention Research Center and Center for Violence Prevention and Control, Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN55455, USA. gerbe001@umn.edu

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
|February 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Occupational violence against educators is prevalent, with nonphysical violence (NPV) rates higher than physical assault (PA). Specific educator roles and school types present unique risks, necessitating targeted interventions to enhance safety.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 4, 2026

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
09:12

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

Published on: July 4, 2013

Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health
  • Educational Psychology
  • Criminology

Background:

  • Workplace violence in educational settings is a growing concern.
  • Understanding the prevalence and risk factors for physical assault (PA) and nonphysical violence (NPV) is crucial for educator safety.
  • Previous research has not fully elucidated the specific risks faced by diverse educator populations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence and identify risk factors associated with occupational physical assault (PA) and nonphysical violence (NPV) among Minnesota educators.
  • To inform targeted interventions aimed at reducing workplace violence in schools.

Main Methods:

  • A survey was administered to 6,469 randomly selected licensed kindergarten through grade 12 educators in Minnesota.
  • Data on experienced PA and NPV in the prior year were collected.
  • Multiple logistic regression models, guided by directed acyclic graphs, were employed to analyze risk factors.

Main Results:

  • The annual rates per 100 educators were 8.3 for PA and 38.4 for NPV.
  • Educators with master's degrees or specialist credentials, and those in public alternative or special education settings, faced increased risks.
  • Risks were lower for educators with over 20 years of experience, part-time staff, and those in private schools.

Conclusions:

  • Workplace violence, encompassing both PA and NPV, poses a significant threat to educators.
  • Identifying and addressing specific risk and protective factors is essential for creating safer educational environments.
  • Interventions should be tailored to the unique risks present in different educational roles and settings.