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Updated: Jun 4, 2026

Surgical Training for the Implantation of Neocortical Microelectrode Arrays Using a Formaldehyde-fixed Human Cadaver Model

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Brain hodotopy: from esoteric concept to practical surgical applications.

Alessandro De Benedictis¹, Hugues Duffau

¹Department of Surgical Sciences, Neurosurgical Unit, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.

|February 25, 2011

Summary

The brain is a dynamic network, not a rigid structure. Understanding this hodotopical organization improves neurosurgery for brain lesions, optimizing outcomes and enabling safer procedures.

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Neurosurgery

Background:

Traditional neurosurgery relies on a rigid brain model with fixed "eloquent" areas.
Advances in neuroscience reveal a more dynamic and interconnected central nervous system (CNS).

Purpose of the Study:

To review modern CNS representations and their impact on neurosurgical practice.
To explore the implications of a dynamic brain model for surgical planning.

Main Methods:

Literature review of neuroscientific advances.
Analysis of the hodotopical model of CNS organization.
Integration of preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative mapping techniques.

Main Results:

The CNS functions as a plastic network with "topic" and "hodological" organization.

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Surgical Training for the Implantation of Neocortical Microelectrode Arrays Using a Formaldehyde-fixed Human Cadaver Model

Surgical Training for the Implantation of Neocortical Microelectrode Arrays Using a Formaldehyde-fixed Human Cadaver Model

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Building An Open-source Robotic Stereotaxic Instrument

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Brain function arises from distributed circuits and parallel information streams.

Individual anatomo-functional architecture can be mapped, allowing tailored surgical approaches.

Conclusions:

A hodotopical view of the CNS should be integrated into surgical planning for brain lesions.
This approach aims to optimize the extent of resection and improve functional outcomes.
It enables the safe resection of previously inoperable areas and facilitates access to deeper brain regions.