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Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate01:27

Roles of Electrolytes: Calcium and Phosphate

Calcium and phosphate are essential electrolytes in the human body, with calcium being the most abundant mineral. Around 99% of the body's calcium is stored in the skeleton and teeth, forming a crystal lattice of mineral salts in combination with phosphates. Calcium plays crucial roles in various bodily functions such as blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, muscle tone maintenance, and nervous and muscle tissue excitability.
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl hydroxylase and factor...
IP3/DAG Signaling Pathway01:11

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Membrane lipids such as phosphatidylinositol (PI) are precursors for several membrane-bound and soluble second messengers. Specific kinases phosphorylate PI and produce phosphorylated inositol phospholipids. One such inositol phospholipids are the  phosphatidylinositol-4,5 bisphosphate [PI(4,5)P2], present in the inner half of the lipid bilayer. Upon ligand binding, GPCR stimulates Gq proteins to turn on phospholipase Cꞵ. Activated phospholipase Cꞵ cleaves PI(4,5)P2 and produces two-second...
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Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors

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Analysis of Minerals Produced by hFOB 1.19 and Saos-2 Cells Using Transmission Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis
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Phosphate and FGF-23.

Harald Jüppner1

  • 1Endocrine Unit and Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. hjueppner@partners.org

Kidney International. Supplement
|February 25, 2011
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 regulates phosphate and vitamin D. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), rising FGF-23 initially helps, but later causes harm due to decreased kidney function.

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Published on: September 30, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Nephrology
  • Mineral Metabolism

Background:

  • Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23 is a key regulator of phosphate and calcitriol (1,25(OH)₂D₃) homeostasis.
  • Osteocytes and osteoblasts secrete FGF-23 in response to phosphate loading or elevated calcitriol.
  • In chronic kidney disease (CKD), FGF-23 is an early biomarker of impaired renal phosphate handling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of FGF-23 in CKD.
  • To examine FGF-23's adaptive and maladaptive functions as CKD progresses.
  • To discuss potential therapeutic strategies targeting FGF-23 in CKD.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of FGF-23's role in phosphate metabolism and CKD.
  • Analysis of FGF-23's impact on renal phosphate excretion, calcitriol production, and parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion.
  • Examination of FGF-23 resistance in advanced CKD and its associated complications.

Main Results:

  • Elevated FGF-23 levels in CKD increase phosphate excretion and decrease calcitriol, initially maintaining normophosphatemia.
  • As CKD progresses, FGF-23 levels rise significantly, while responsiveness diminishes due to reduced Klotho expression.
  • High FGF-23 in late CKD contributes to adverse outcomes like left ventricular hypertrophy, accelerated CKD progression, and mortality.

Conclusions:

  • FGF-23 plays a critical adaptive role in early CKD but becomes detrimental in advanced stages.
  • Therapeutic strategies aimed at lowering phosphate or modulating PTH may reduce FGF-23 levels in early CKD.
  • Managing FGF-23 may offer a novel approach to improve patient outcomes in CKD.