Automatically classifying the role of citations in biomedical articles
Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 4, 2026

A Metadata Extraction Approach for Clinical Case Reports to Enable Advanced Understanding of Biomedical Concepts
Published on: September 20, 2018
Shashank Agarwal1, Lisha Choubey, Hong Yu
1University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI.
Abstract:
Citations are widely used in scientific literature. The traditional model of referencing considers all citations to be the same; however, semantically, citations play different roles. By studying the context in which citations appear, it is possible to determine the role that they play. Here, we report on the development of an eight-category classification scheme, annotation using that scheme, and development and evaluation of supervised machine-learning classifiers using the annotated data. We annotated 1,710 sentences using the annotation schema and our trained classifier obtained an average F1-score of 76.5%. The classifier is available for free as a Java API from http://citation.askhermes.org.
Related Concept Videos
Classification of Leukocytes
Neutrophils are the most abundant type of granular leukocytes, comprising 50-70% of all leukocytes. They feature small, evenly distributed granules and a...
Classification of Illness
An illness is a response to a disease in which the person's level of functioning is changed compared with a previous level. The general classification of illness includes acute and chronic.
Acute illness is severe and...
Classification of Neurotransmitters
Cardiovascular Drugs: Classification based on Therapeutic Indications
Classification of Systems-II
Classification of Systems-I
Homogeneity dictates that if an input x(t) is multiplied by a constant c, the output y(t) is multiplied by the same constant. Mathematically, this is expressed as:

