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Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Complications of Diabetes Mellitus

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency, resistance, or both. Prolonged hyperglycemia disrupts metabolic homeostasis and leads to acute and chronic complications.Acute ComplicationsAcute complications result from sudden metabolic imbalance.Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) mainly appears in type 1 diabetes but may also develop in type 2 diabetes, particularly under extreme stress. It arises from severe insulin deficiency,...

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...

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An Efficient Single-Person Technique for Milk Sampling from Laboratory Mice

An Efficient Single-Person Technique for Milk Sampling from Laboratory Mice

Published on: March 28, 2025

Breastfeeding and diabetes.

E Gouveri¹, N Papanas, A I Hatzitolios

¹Outpatient Clinic of Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism in the Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece.

Current Diabetes Reviews

|February 26, 2011

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Breastfeeding offers significant health benefits, reducing the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and other chronic diseases for both mothers and infants. Healthcare providers should promote breastfeeding as a key lifestyle measure for disease prevention.

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Published on: September 6, 2019

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Public Health
Oncology

Background:

Breastfeeding is associated with numerous maternal and infant health benefits.
The role of breastfeeding in the prevention of diabetes mellitus and related chronic diseases requires further elucidation.
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and its long-term implications for mothers and offspring warrant investigation regarding lactation's protective effects.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current evidence on the role of breastfeeding in the prevention of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
To examine the impact of breastfeeding on maternal metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and specific cancers.
To discuss the implications of antidiabetic treatment for breastfeeding mothers.

Main Methods:

Literature review of observational studies and clinical trials.
Analysis of epidemiological data on breastfeeding and disease incidence.
Synthesis of current recommendations regarding pharmacotherapy during lactation.

Main Results:

Breastfeeding is linked to a reduced incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease in mothers.
Lactation appears to confer protection against both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in neonates and infants.
The protective effect of breastfeeding on women with GDM and their offspring requires further research.
Insulin is the recommended antidiabetic treatment for breastfeeding mothers due to insufficient data on oral hypoglycemic agents.

Conclusions:

Breastfeeding is a modifiable risk factor for diabetes and a potential protective measure against cardio-metabolic and malignant diseases.
Healthcare professionals should actively encourage breastfeeding for all women, including those with diabetes.
Further research is needed to clarify the role of breastfeeding in GDM and its long-term impact on maternal and child health.